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1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

EBSBB 


HHD 


I. 

THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

II 
THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 
(In  preparation) 


III. 
THE  LEAF  COLLECTOR'S  BOOK 
(In  preparation) 


THE  TREES 


OF 


NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


ILLUSTRATIONS    FROM    ORIGINAL   SKETCHES 


BY 


CHARLES  S.   NEWHALL 


With   an  Introductory  Note  by 

NATH.   L.  BRITTON,  E.Ai..  Ph.D.,  Columbia  College 


?-f 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

NEW  YORK  LONDON 

a?  WEST  TWENTV-THIRD  ST.        s;  KlN(i  WILLIAM   ST.,  STRAND 

CT be  f  nichttbotktt  |)tts3 
1890 


QoPYRIGllT  l8qo 
BY 

CHARLES   S.  NEWHALL 


Ttbe  ftnfcltcrbocfter  pveei,  View  IQotk 

Electrotyped,  Printed,  and  Bound  by 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons 


I  said  I  will  not  walk  with  men  to-day, 
But  I  will  go  among  the  blessed  trees, — 

Among  the  forest  trees  I  "11  take  my  way. 

And  they  shall  say  to  me  what  words  they  please. 

And  when  I  came  among  the  trees  of  God, 
With  all  their  million  voices  sweet  and  blest. 

They  gave  me  welcome.     So  I  slowly  trod 

Their  arched  and  lofty  aisles,  with  heart  at  rest. 

Then  all  around  me  as  I  went. 
Their  loving  arms  they  lightly  bent. 
And  all  around  leaf-voices  low 
Were  calling,  calling  soft  and  slow. 


*  • 


I  could  not  fail  to  know 
The  words  they  whispered  so, 
Nor  could  I  onward  go 
From  words  so  sweet  and  low. 


— From  The  Trees. 


in 


n't 


Pri 
Int 

Gu 


L 


IS 


Di: 


Gl 
In 


D 


CONTENTS. 


Preface .         

Introductory  Note        .      •    . 

Guide  to  the  Trees     .... 

List  or  Genera     .         . 

Description  of  Trees  (with   Illustrations) 

Explanation   of  Terms 

Glossary        ...... 

Index  to  the  Trees     .... 


Pa(;k 

xiii 

xiv 

I 


4 


T  1  "• 

-0/ 


243 
245 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


;e  and  SwKKT  Bay 


•Figures  t  and  2.— Cucumhkr  Tr 

Figure  3.— Umbrella  Tree 

Figure  4.— Papa w 

Figure  5.— Red  Bud     . 

Figure  6.— Sour  Gum  . 

Figure  7.— Persimmon 

Figure  8. — Sassafras  . 

Figure  9. — Basswood  . 

Figures  10  and  11.— American  Holl 

Figure  12.— Wild  Black  Cherry 

Figure  13— Wild  Red  Cherry 

Figure  14.— Wild  Plum 

Figure  15.— Crad-Apple 

Figure  16.— White  Thorn  Fruit 

Figure  17.— Black  Thorn 

Figure  18.— Common  Thorn 

Figure  19.— Cockspur  Thorn 

Figure  20.— Shad-Bush 

Figure  21.— Sorrel  Tree 

Figures  22  and  23.— White  Elm 

Figure  24.— Hackberry 

Figure  25.— Red  Mulberry 

Figure  26.— Buttonwood    . 

Figures  27  and  28.-WHITE  Birch  and  Paper  Birch 

Figures  29  and  30.— Red  Birch  and  Yellow  Birch 

Figure3i.— Sweet  Birch 

Figure  32.— Hop-Hornbeam         .... 

Figure  33.— Hornbeam 

Figure  34.— Chestnut 


and  Slippery  Elm 


PACE 

7 

9 

II 

13 

15 

17 

19 
23 

25 

29 

29 

31 

33 

3: 

35 

37 

39 

-;i 

43 

45 

49 

5' 

54 

57 
61 

63 

65 
67 

69 


IX 


Illustration. 


Figure  35. — Beech 

Figure  36. — Black  Wii.i.ow 

Figure  37. — Scythe-Leaved  Willow 

Figure  38. — Shining  Willow 

Figure  39. — L(}NG-Beakei)  Willow 

Figures  40,  41,  42,  and  43. — White  Willow,  Yellow  Willow, 

Weeping  Willow,  and  Crack  Willow 
Figure  44. — Aspen 
Figure  45. — Large-Toothed  Aspen 
Figure  46. — Downv-Leaved  Poplar 
Figure  47. — Cottonwood    . 

I'igures  48  and  49. — Balsam  Poplar  and  Balm  of  Gilead 
I'igure  50. — Lomhardy  Poplar    . 
Figure  51. — Silver-Leaf  Poplar 
Figure  52. — Tulip  Tree 
Figure  53. — White  Oak 
Figure  54. — Post  Oak 
Figure  55. — Burr  Oak 
Figure  56. — Swamp  White  Oak  . 
Figure  57. — Chestnut  Oak 
Figure  58. — Yellow  Chestnut  Oak 
Figure  59. — Black  Jack 
Figure  60. — Spanish  Oak     . 
Figure  61. — Scarlet  Oak    . 
Figure  62. — Black  Oak 
Figure  63. — Red  Oak  . 
Figure  64. — Pin  Oak    . 
Figure  65. — Willow  Oak     . 
Figure  66. — Shingle  Oak    . 
Figure  67. — Sweet  Gum 
Figure  68. — Flowering  Dogwood 
Figure  69. — Alternate-Leaved  Dogwood 
Figure  70. — Fringe  Tree     . 
Figure  71. — Catalpa  . 
Figures  72  and  73. — Black  Haw  and  Sweet  Viburnum 


7« 
73 
75 
77 
79 

81 

85 
87 
89 

91 
93 
93 
95 
99 
103 

105 

107 

109 
II I 
"3 
"5 
"7 
119 

121 
123 

127 
129 
13' 

'35 

139 

141 

145 


Illustrations. 


xt 


Figure  74 


-SikiPKi)  Maplk 


Figure  75. — Sugar  Mapi,e 

Figure  76.— IJi.ack:  Mapi.k 

Figure  77.— Su.vk.r-Lkak  Mapi.k 

Figure  78.— Red  Mapi.k 

Figures  79,  80,  8r,  and  82.— Gray   Pink,  Scrum  V 

Mountain  Pine,  and  Red  Pine 
Figures  83,  84,  and  S5.— Yellow,  Pitch,  and  VVhiti 
Figures  86  and  87.— Black  Spruce  and  White  Spruc 
Figure  88. — Nc;rway  Spruce 

Figure  89. — Hemlock 

Figures  90  and  91.— Balsam  Fir  and  T,arch 

Figures  92  and  93.— White  Cedar  and  Aruor  Yvxx. 

Figure  94.— Red  Cedar 

Figure  95. — Ailanthus 

Figure  96. — Locust      .... 

Figure  97. — Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 

Figure  98. — Honey  Locust 

Figure  99. — Stag-Horn  Sumach 

Figure  100. — Poison  Sumach 

Figure  10 1. — Mountain  Ash 

Figures  102  and  103.— J5lack  Walnut  and  Butternut 

Figure  104.— Shag-hark 

Figure  105. — Mocker-Nut  . 

Figure  106.— Small-Fruited  Hickory 

Figure  107.— Pig-Nut  .... 

Figure  loS.— Bitter-nut     . 

Figure  109.— Ash-Leaved  Maple 

Figure  no.— White  Ash 

Figure  III. — Red  Ash 

Figure  112.— Green  Ash 

Figure  113.— Blue  Ash 

Figure  114.— Black  Ash 

Figure  115.— Sweet  Buckeye 

Figure  116.— Ohio  Buckeye 


PACC 

•   149 

•  15' 

•  15.: 

•  155 

•  157 

■.K,  '1'aiii, 

.  163 

Pine 

.  167 

E 

,  169 

•  '7' 

•  173 

•  177 

-  179 

.  183 

.  187 

.  189 

191 

193 

1.J7 

199 

201 

T   . 

205 

207 

209 

211 

213 

215 

219 

221 

223 

225 

227 

229 

233 

23s 

PREFACE. 

"^  '  '^  y^u  and  i  were  to  meet  a  man  on  the 
street  and  ask  him  his  name,  he  could  tell  us.  I  wish  a 
tree  could  do  as  much.  Here  are  splendid  specimens  all 
around  us,  and  I  don't  know  one  of  them." 

"  Get  a  book  that  will  help  you." 

"  I  cannot  find  such  a  book.  I  can  find  no  book 
which,  in  simple  fashion,  will  so  describe  the  tree,  from 
its  foliage  and  bark  and  style,  that  I  can  recognize  it." 

"  Then  I  will  make  one  for  you." 


The  trees  described  in  the  following  pages  include 
all  the  native  trees  of  Canada  and  the  Northern  United 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Mention  has  also 
been  made  of  the  more  important  of  the  introduced  and 
naturalized  species.  The  work  has  been  so  arranged  that 
any  given  specimen  can  be  readily  found  by  help  of  the 
Guide  on  page  i. 

My  chief  authority  for  the  geographical  distribution 
of  the  species  is  Sargent's  report  in  the  Tenth   Census 


xm 


XIV 


Introductory  Note. 


of  the   United  States;    for  the  scientific   nomenclature, 
Nath.  L.  Britton,  E.M.,  Pli.D. 

I  am  greatly  indebted  to  Professors  Thomas  C.  Porter, 
of  Lafayette  College,  and  N.  L.  Britton,  of  Columbia 
Collecre,  for  valuable  aid  and  suggestions  ;  also  to  Rev. 
S.  W.  Knipe,  of  Oceanic,  N.  J. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE. 

Columbia  College  Herbarium, 
New  York,  May  12,  1890. 
Dear  Sirs  :— I  have  been  interested  in  glancing  over  | 
the  manuscript   of   Mr.    Newhall's  book   on    our    native  | 
trees,   and  am  much  pleased   to  learn    that    it   is  to    be  | 
published.     There  is  great  need  of  such  a  popular  work. 
It  will  do   much  good  in  supplying  information  to   our! 
people  about  some  of  the  common  things  around  them,  | 
and  this  in  an  attractive  manner. 

Yours  very  truly, 

N.  L.  Britton. 


nomenclature, 


)mas  C.  Porter, 
,  of  Columbia 
;  also  to  Rev. 


Herbarium, 
'12,  1890. 

n  glancing  over 
on  our  native 
lat  it  is  to  be 
a  popular  work, 
irmation  to  our 
s  around  them, 

■  truly, 

.  L.  Britton. 


I* 

o. 
6 


GUIDE. 

For  explanation  of  all  terms  see  glossary  at  end  of  book. 

'  ^   fedge  entire.         Go  to  /    under  A 
"*   '      "     toothed.  "     //      "     A 

"     lobedi^^,^^^'^"^'^^-    Go  to ///(^-^^  under  A 
I  Lobes,  toothed.     "    Ill(b)      "     A 


c 

u 


rt 


wM  .a   {^^^^  entire.       Go  to  /    under  B 
«      52   1       "     toothed.  "     //      "       B 

"     lobedJK^^^'^"^''"^-    Goto///|<«^unc 
L  \  Lobes,  toothed.     "    Ill(b)      " 

[  indeterminate.     Go  to  /  under  C 


> 
■  o 


o 

a 
a 

o 


under  B 
B 


I'D 

la 

IE 


iL.'TS   f  alternate, 


^ 


ECO 

led 

14' 


opposite. 


rt  rt  1  opposite, 


edp-e  I  ^"^^ij'e-      Go  to  /  under  D 

^    I  toothed.        "  //  "      D 

ed^e  i  ^"'^'^^-      G*^  to  /  under  E 

^     (  toothed.        "  //  "      E 

edge  toothed.  Go  to  /  under  F 


e,  :^2^  ;rr rzzr  '^{2  :;:r '-^-""^ '-  • "-» -»' 


GUIDE   (Continued). 


Note.— Names  in  italics  are  given  also  under  another  division. 


A—/ 

Magnolias 

Papaw 

Gum,  sour 

Judas-tree 

Persimmon 

Sassafras  . 

Oak,  willow 

Dog-wood,  alt.  leaved 

Willow,  long-beaked 

II 


I' AGE 

6-8 

I 

10 
12  I 

.  126 
.  136! 

.  78 


Basswoods 
Hollies  .  . 
Cherries  .  . 
Plum  .  .  . 
Crab-apple  . 
Thorns  .  . 
Shad-bush 
Sorrel-tree 

Elms    .     .     . 

Hackberry 

Mulberry  . 

Mulberry,  paper 

Button-wood 

Birches     .     , 

Hornbeam,  Hop 

Hornbeam     . 

Chestnut  .     . 

Beech  .     .     . 

"Willows    .     . 

Poplars     .     . 

Oaks,  chestnut 


III  (a) 

Tulip-tree  .  . 
Oaks  .... 
Sassafras  .  . 
Button-wood .     . 

Gum,  sweet   .     . 
Poplar,  silver-leaf 
Alulierr)'  .     .     . 
Mulberry  f  paper 
Oaks    .... 


D— / 


I'AGE 
.   98 

.  lOI 

.    18 

■  53 


130 

94 
50 
52 

lOI 


I'AGE 
186 


22-24 

24-26  I 

27-28  i 

.   30  I 
.   32 

34-38  I 

44-47 
.  48! 
•  50 
.  52 
.  .SS 
55-62 
.  64 
.  66 
.  68 
.  70 
72-83 
84-94 
.  lOI 


II 

Black  haw      .     . 
Viburnum,  sweet 

III  (a) 

(V 

Maples      .     .     . 


Ailanthus  .  .  . 
Locusts  .  .  .  188-190 
CofTee-tree,  Kentucky,  190 
Locust,  honey  .  .  .  192 
Sumach,  poison       .     .  198 


B— / 

Dog-wood,  flowering  .  134 
Fringe-tree  .  .  .  .138 
Catalpa 140 


II 

Sumach,  staghorn 
Ash,  mountain  . 
Walnut,  black  . 
Butternut  .  . 
Hickories .  .  . 
Locust,  honey 


.  .  196 
.  .  20P 
.  .  203 
.  .  204 
206-214 
.     .   192 


144 
146 


148-156 


C— / 

Pines,    cedars,  spruce, 
etc 160 


E— / 
AsA,reda.ndwAite,  220-222 

// 

Ash-leaved  maple    .     .  218 
Ash,  black,  blue,  green, 
red,  and  white  .  220-228 


F— / 

Buckeyes    .     .     . 
Horse-chestnut  . 


232-234 
.     .  234 


LIST  OF  GENERA. 


A—/ 


E— / 

\white,  220-222 


maple    .     .  218 
blue,  green, 
white  .  220-228 


Magnolia 
Aslmina    . 
Cercis  . 
Nyssa  .     . 
Diospyros 
Sissafras  . 


// 


III  fa  J 

lAGK 

6  i  Liriodendron 
lo '  Quercus     .     .     . 
12 

12  I  fij 

16 


Larix    , 

9    j  Chamsecypa 
Thuya 
Juniperus 


175 
178 
180 
181 


TUia 

Ilex 

Prunus 27  I  thionanthu 

Pyrus 32    Catalpa 

Cral^gus .     .     .     .     .     34 

Amelanchier       .     ,     , 
;  Oxydendrum       .     . 

Ulmus 

[Celtis 

i'lorus 50 

I  Broussonetia       ...     52  !  Acer 
jPlitanus 

Betula eg 

Ostrya 

iCarplnus 66 

jCastanea 68  ;  Pinus 

pagus 70  j  Plcea 

P"'' 72!Ts(iga 

P'^P"l"s 84 1  Abies 


174 1  yEsculus    .....  23a 


■  J 


DESCRIPTION  OF  TREES. 

Note  i.— Those  species  are  considered  trees  (in  dis- 
tinction  from  shrubs)  which,  as  the  rule,  spring  from  the 
ground  with  a  single  branching  trunk. 

Note  2.— The  arrangement  of  the  illustrations  and 
descriptions  under  each  section  is  according  to  the  natural 
order  of  the  genera. 

Note  3.— In  using  the  guide  and  the  following  leaf- 
illustrations  it  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from 
vigorous  young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens. 
It  is  seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the  same  mature 
branch,  exactly  agree ;  but  they  follow  the  type,  while 
often  the  younger  growth  varies  from  it. 

Note  4.-When  describing  the  trees,  items  that  are 
specially  helpful  in  determining  the  species  are  given  in 
italics. 


if 


trees  (in  dis- 
ng  from  the 


) ' 


trations  and 
to  the  natural 

jllowing  leaf- 
leaves  from 

;st  specimens, 
same  mature 

e  type,  while 


TREES  WITH   SIMPLE   LEAVES 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE) 
A    I 


tems  that  are 
;  are  given  in 


i 


li 


Genus  MAGNOLIA,  L.   (Magnolia.) 

From  "  Magnol,"  the  name  of  a  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Fig.  i.-Cucumber  Tree,  Mountain  Magnolia.   M.  acuminata,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,  long  oval.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  pointed. 
Leaves,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,   dark  green  above ; 
green  beneath  and  slightly  downy ;   growing  along 
the  branch  and  not  simply  in  a  cluster  at  its  end. 
Bark,  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  three  to  six  inches  across,  bluish  or  yellowish- 
white,  abundant  and  fragrant.     May.  June. 
Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,  two  to  three  inches 

long,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  small  cucumber. 
Found,  in  rich  woods  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  southward,  and  in  cultivation.     Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  sixty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  a  straight  trunk 
and  rich  foliage.     The  wood  is  durable,  soft,  and  light 
Used  for  cabinet-work,  for  flooring,  for  pump-logs,  and 
water-troughs.     As  in  other  magnolias  the  juice  is  bitter  | 
and  aromatic. 

Fig.  2.-Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Laurel,  Small  Magnolia.    M. 

glauca,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.     Apex,\ 
slightly  blunt-pointed.     Base,  pointed. 

6 


Magnolia.    M. 


Fig:.  I. -Cucumber  Tree.    (M.  acuminata,  L.) 
Fig.  2.-Sweet  Bay.    (M.  glauca,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


8  Trees  ivith  Simple  Leaves,         LAi 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long,  thick  and  smooth  ; 
dark  green  and  polished  above  ;  white  below ;  the 
middle  rib  green  and  distinct ;  the  side  ribs  slight 
and  indistinct. 

Bark  of  trunk,  smoothish,  light  gray,  aromatic  and  bitter. 

Flowers,  large  (two  to  three  inches  wide),  white,  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  very  fragrant.     June,  July. 

Fruit,  bright  red  berries,  at  first  in  small  cone-like  clus- 
ters, then  hanging  by  slender  threads.     September. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  southward, 
usually  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree  (often  a  bush),  four  to  twenty-five  feet 
high,  or  higher  southward,  where  its  leaves  are  evergreen. 
All  parts  of  the  tree  (and  it  is  the  same  with  the  other 
magnolias)  have  an  intensely  bitter,  aromatic  juice,  which 
is  stimulating  and  tonic. 

Fig.  3.— Umbrella  Tree,  Elkwood.    M.  tripitala,  L. 
Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.     Apex, 

short,  sharp-pointed.     Base,  pointed. 
Leaves,  twelve  to  thirty-six  inches  long,  six  to  eight  inches 

wide  ;    rather  dark  green  above  ;    lighter  beneath  ; 

silky  when   young,   but   soon  smooth  ;    growing   in 

clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Bark,  smoothish  and  light. 

Flowers,  seven  to  eight  inches  across,  at  the  ends  of  the 

branches,  white,  and  fragrant.     May,  June. 
Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,   four  to   five   inches 

long,  and  rose-colored  as  it  ripens. 


! 


Leaves  Alternate, 


Towing   in 


Fig.  3.-Umbrella  Tree.     (M.  tripfetala,  L.) 

ONE    THIRD    NATURAL    SIZE. 


lo  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Found,  in  Southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  in  cultivation. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  irregular 
branches,  and  light,  soft  wood.  As  in  other  magnolias 
the  juice  is  bitter  and  fragrant. 

Genus  ASiMINA,  Adans.     (Papaw.) 

Fig.  4,_Papaw,  Custard  Apple.     A.  trMoba  (L.),  Dunal. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed,  in  small 
leaves,  sometimes  rounded.  Base,  taper-pointed  or 
slightly  rounded. 

Leaf,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,  rusty  downy  when 
young,  soon  becoming  smooth  and  polished. 

Bark,  silvery-gray,  smooth  and  polished  ;  young  shoots 
downy. 

Flowers,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide  ;  dark  to  light,  in 
drooping  clusters,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  March, 
April. 

Fruit,  about  three  inches  long  by  one  and  a  half  inches 
thick,  egg-shape,  yellow,  about  ten-seeded,  fragrant, 
sweet,  and  edible.     October. 

Found,  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern  Iowa  and 
southward. 

A  small  tree  of  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised,  ten  to 
twenty  ieel  .-igh  (or  often  only  a  bush)  and  densely 
clothed  wifu   i.s  ^;ng  leaves. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


II 


TT..^  P»&- 4--Papaw.     A.  triloba  (L.).  Dunal 

LEAF,    NATURAL    SIZE       KFVim-     -T-^«,^  "Unai. 

-^IZE.     FRUIT,    TWO   THIRDS    NATURAL   SIZE 


.j^ 


12 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 


i'    'i 


ft      ii 


!!l 


Genus  CERCIS,  L.     (Red  Bud.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "shuttle,"  because  of  the  shuttle-shaped  pod. 

Fig.  5.— Red  Bud,  Judas  Tree.    C.  Canadensis,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,  round  heart-shape.     Apex,  tapering  and  rather 

blunt,  sometimes  with  a  short  bristle.     Base,  heart 

shape. 
Leaf -stem,  smooth  and  swollen  at  each  end  into  a  sort  of 

knob. 
Leaf,  usually  about  four  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  rather 

thin  ;  smooth  above  and  below  ;  with  seven  prominent 

ribs  radiating  from  the  end  of  the  leaf-stem. 
Flowers,  reddish,  acid,  usually  abundant  in  small  clusters 

along    the  branches  ;    appearing    before   the   leaves. 

March  to  May. 
Fruit,  a  small,  many-seeded,  flat  pod,  winged  along  the 

seed-bearing  seam.     Seeds,  reverse  egg-shape. 
Found,  in  rich  soil,  Western  Pennsylvania,  westward  and 

southward.     Common  in  cultivation. 
A  small  and  fine  ornamental  tree,  with  long,  flat-leaved 
branches. 

The  name  "Judas  tree"  is  traditional.  "  This  is  the 
tree  whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  the  elder 
tree,  as  it  is  said." 

Genus  NYSSA,  L.      (Sour  Gum.) 

From  the  name  of  a  water  nymph,  because  of  the  location  of  the  original  species. 

Fig.  6.— Sour  Gum,   Black  Gum,    Pepperidge,  Tupelo.      N. 

sylvatica,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,    oval    or    reverse    egg-shape.       Apex,    pointed. 

Base,  pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  slightly  hairy  when  young. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


13 


Figr.  5-Red  Bud.    (C.  Canadensis,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


! 


■ 


14 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  i 


Leaf,  two  to  five  inches  long ;  usually  about  half  as  broad  ; 

dark  green  and  very  shining  above,  especially  when 

old ;  light  green   and   shining  below  ;   thick,  tough, 

•     and   firm.     Middle  rib   slightly  hairy   when  young  ; 

side  ribs  rather  indistinct  and  curved. 

Bark,  grayish  and  often  broken  into  short  sections. 

Fertile  flowers,  small,  in  clusters  of  three  to  eight  on 
slender  stems.      April,  May. 

Fruit,  nearly  one  half  inch  long  ;  bluish-black  when  ripe  ; 
egg-shape  or  cval  ;  acid  and  rather  bitter  until 
"frosted."  Stone,  oval,  somewhat  pointed  at  each 
end,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  three  or  four  blunt 
ridges  on  each  side.      September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  southward 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 
A  tree  twenty  to  forty  feet  high  (larger  southward), 

with  flat,  horizontal  branches.     The  wood,  even  in  short 

lengths,  is  very  difficult  of  cleavage,  and  so  is  well  fitted 

for  beetles,  hubs  of  wheels,  pulleys,  etc.      Its  leaves  are 

the  first  to  ripen  in  the  fall,  changing  (sometimes  as  early 

as  August)  to  a  bright  crimson. 

I  was  commenting,  one  day,  to  a  reverend  doctor  and 

professor  on  the  frequent  reference  to  this  tree  in  stories 

and  anecdotes  of  Southern  life,  when  he  fluently  quoted  : 

"  Possum  up  a  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  holler, 
Nigger  in  de  corn-field, 
Don't  yer  hear  him  holler." 

A  better  version  changes  the  last  two  lines  : 

"  Possum  up  de  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  hollar. 
Fetch  him  down,  little  boy, 
Give  yer  half  a  dollar." 

The  professor  added  the  explanation  that  the  opossums 

climb  the  tree  in  search  of  its  fruit. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


15 


Fig.  6.-Sour  Gum.     (N.  sylvatica,  Marsh. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Genus  DIOSPYROS,   L.     (Persimmon.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  fruit  of  Jove. 
Fig.  7. — Persimmon.     D.  Virginihna,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.      Apex,  pointed. 
Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  thickish  ;  dark  and 
smooth,  usually  shining,  above  ;  below  dull,  with  the 
ribs  curved  and  irregular  and  minutely  downy.  On 
the  upper  surface  the  ribs  are  quite  indistinct,  except 
as  the  leaf  is  held  toward  the  light  when  they  appear 
almost  transparent.  In  the  same  position  the  leaf  is 
seen  also  to  be  edged  with  a  slight  delicate  fringe 
(appearing  in  the  dried  leaf  like  a  line  of  yellow 
light). 

Bark  of  trunk  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow  and  small,  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stems.     June. 

Frtiit,  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  rounded,  nearly  stem- 
less,  orange-red  when  rioe,  with  about  eight  large 
flat  seeds.  After  frost  it  is  of  very  pleasant  flavor ; 
before,  exceedingly  "  puckery." 

Found,  from  Connecticut  southward  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward to  Southeastern  Iowa. 

A  tree  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high ;  sometimes,  at  the 
South,  more  than  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  close-grained  ;  the  bark  tonic  and  astringent. 


[A  I 


Leaves  Alternate. 


17 


.) 


,  pointed. 

dark  and 
I,  with  the 
wny.  On 
ict,  except 
ley  appear 
the  leaf  is 
:ate  fringe 
of  yellow 


of  the  leaf- 


sarly  stem- 
2ight  large 
ant  flavor; 


I  and  west- 

rnes,  at  the 
ie  wood  is 
ringent. 


Fig.  7.-Persimmon.    (D.  Virginiana,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  i 

Genus  SASSAFRAS,  Nees.     (Sassafras.) 

Pig,  8.— Sassafras.     .S".  officinal,',  Nees. 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  eixie  entire  or  lohed. 

Outline,  when  the  edge  is  entire  usually  oval  or  egg- 
shape  ;  when  lobed  usually  broader  and  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Base,  pointed  or  wedge-shape.  Apex  of  the 
leaf  or  of  the  lobes  rounded  or  slightly  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf,  variable  in  size,  dark,  thin,  smooth  ;  rather  shining 
above;  the  lobes,  when  present,  two  or  three  in 
number  and  usually  more  or  less  bulging,  with  the 
hollows  always  rounded. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  clusters.     May,  June. 

Fruit,  oval,  one-seeded,  blue,  with  a  reddish,  club-shaped 
stem  ;  pungent. 

Bark,  obliquely  and  curiously  furrowed  and  broken,  gray 
without,  reddish  within  ;  young  twigs  yellowish. 

Fomtd,  from  Southwestern  Vermont,  southward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  fifty  feet  high  with  light  and  soft 
wood.     All  parts  of  the  tree  have  a  pleasant,  spicy  taste 
and  fragrance.     From  the  bark  of  the  roots  a  powerful    | 
aromatic  stimulant  is  obtained. 


Note.— See  Alternah'-kav,-d  Doswood,  with  its  genus,  Section  «.  /.,  p.  136. 
Note.— See  WiUo'.i'  Oaks,  with  their  genus.  Section  A.  ///.  (a),  pp.  126-128.        '^ 


llilli 


[A  I 


IS.) 


Leaves  Alternate. 


19 


OBED. 

al  or  ^<g^- 
iverse  ^%%- 
'pex  of  the 
nt-pointed. 

ler  shining 
r  three  in 
y,  with  the 


ine. 


;lub-shaped 


roken,  gray 
owish. 

d  and  west- 


ht  and  soft 
,  spicy  taste 
;  a  powerful 


\),  pp.  126-128. 


Fig:.  8.-Sassafras.    (S.  officinale,  Nees.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES    ALTERNATE 


CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 


A    II 


nf 


Genus  TILIA,   L.      (Basswood.) 

Fig.  9.-Basswood,   American    Linden,   Whitewood,    Lime 

Tree,  Bee  Tree.     T.  Americana,  I. 
Leaves,    simple;   alternate;   edge    somewhat    irregu- 
larly   VERY    SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  rounded,  often  very  one-sided.     Apex,  pointed. 

Base,  strongly  heart-shaped. 
Leaf,  usually  about  three  to  four  inches  wide,  four  to  five 

inches  long;  sometimes  much  larger;  rather  thick, 

very  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  with  small  tufts  of 

reddish  hairs  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs  below  ;   and 

often  with  the  ribs  themselves  hairy. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  very  thick ;  on  the  young  branches 

dark  brown. 
Fruit,  gray-downy,  ovate,  the  size  of  small  peas,  clustered 

on  a  long  stem  of  which  the  lower  half  is  joined  to 

half  the^'length  of  a  narrow,  leaf-like  bract,  usually 

with  a  tapering  base. 
Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  British  America  southward  to 

Virginia  and  along  the   Alleghany   Mountains  and 

westward. 

A  straight-trunked  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  (often 
unbranching  to  half  its  height)  and  two  to  four  feet  in 
diameter.  Its  very  tough  inner  bark  is  used  for  mats  and 
coarse  rope.  The  wood  is  white  and  soft  and  clear  of 
knots.  It  is  much  used  for  wooden  ware,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  for  the  panelling  of  carriages,  though  now  less  es- 
teemed than  the  tulip  tree  for  these  uses,  owing  to  its 
liability  to  crack  in  bending. 


;  1 


22 


Fig.  9--Basswood.    (T.  Americana,  L.) 

NATURAI,    SIZE. 


ir 


ill' 


1 

i'i  ! 

1 

' 

i«ll» 

24 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 


White  Basswood,  Wahoo.     T.  heUrophylla,  Vent. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  Americana  chietly  in  the 
following  items  : 
Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long  ;  deep  green  and   shining 

above,  beneath  velvety  and  silvery  white  with  purplish 

ribs. 
Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia 

and  westward. 
Height,  usually  twenty  to  thirty  feet. 


T.  pubcsceiis,Ait.,^\.'i^^x%  chiefly  from  T.  Americana  in 

these  particulars  : 

Leaves,  smaller  (two  to  three  inches  long),  thinner,  and 
somewhat  downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  rounded,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-like  bract  to  which  it 
is  attached  usually  rounded  at  the  base. 

Found,  New  York  to  Florida  and  westward. 


The  cultivated  European  Littden  [T.  Europ^fea]  resem- 
bles the  Basswood  in  its  foliage,  but  the  tree  is  smaller 
(about  forty  feet  high)  and  with  a  pyramid-shaped  top. 

Genus  ILEX,  L.     (Holly.) 
Fig.  10. — American  Holly.    /.  opaca,  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  with  remote,  very 
SHARP  spine-like  TEETH,  with  rounded  spaces  between. 

Outline,  oval.     Apex  and  base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  about  two  inches  long  ;  dark  polished  green  above  ; 
below  rather  yellowish-green  ;  thick  and  stiff ;  smooth 
throughout ;  ribs  very  indistinct  below. 


encana  in 


Fig.  10 


[OTE,    VERY 

2S  between. 


Fig.  lo.-American  Holly.    (I.  opaca,  Ait.) 
Fig.  II,— I.  montlcola. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


"^f"! 


(      i 


'I         lllllll!^! 


26  Trees  ivith  Simple  Leaves,        [ah 

Bark,  light  gray  and  smooth. 

Fruit,  a  nearly  round,  bright-red  berry,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

It    ripens    in    September    and    continues    upon    the 

branches  into  the  winter. 
Found,  from  Massachusetts  southward  near  the  coast  to 

Florida,  and  from  Southern  Indiana  southwest,  and 

southward  to  the  Gulf. 
An   evergreen   tree,   ten   to  thirty  feet  high,  with   a 
compact  head  of  spreading  branches.     Its  wood  is  easily 
worked,  white,  of  fine  grain,  and  light  in  weight. 


The  use  of  holly  and  other  evergreens  in  religious 
ceremonies  dates  from  pagan  times.  "  Trummying  of  the 
temples  with  floures,  boughes,  and  garlondes,  was  taken 
of  the  heathen  people,  whiche  decked  their  idols  and 
houses  with  suche  array."  Early  church  councils  made  rules 
and  restrictions  concerning  the  practice— ^.^r-,  in  France 
Christians  were  forbidden  "  to  decke  up  their  houses  with 
lawrell.  yvie,  and  green  boughes  in  the  Christmas  season," 
for  ''  Hedera  est  gratissima  Baccho"^ 

Fig.   II. — Ilex  tnont\cola,  Gray. 

This  is  usually  regarded  as  a  shrub,  "but  it  not  seldom 
attains  the  size  and  exhibits  the  port  of  a  small  tree  "— (T. 
C.  Porter).     It  differs  from  I.  opaca  chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Leaves,  not  evergreen  ;    egg-shape  cr  long   oval,    rather 
thin  with  edge  finely  toothed,  and  apex  taper-pointed. 
Found,  in  damp  woods  in  the  Catskill  and  Tahonic  Moun- 
tains,   and    in    Cattaraugus    County,     New    York; 
through  Pennsylvania  as  far  east    as    Northampton 
County,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

*  The  ivv  is  most  acceptal)le  to  Bacchus. 


il  ill 


Duses  witr 
.s  season,' 


Edge  Toothed.  j^ 

Genus  PRUNUS  L,  <Cherry,  Plum) 
Fi^  .a.-Wi.a  B,ack  Cher.,,  Ru„  che...    .,  „..,^,  ,,^ 
leaves    s.Mn  b  •    alterk.te  ;    kdo.   toothed  (with   the 
po.nts  of  the  teeth  so  incurved  as  to  ,ppeaT  bLt^ 
and  often  finely  '•  crinkled."  -'• 

Outline,    usually    lonir   ovil    nr  1„„ 

rounded  o;sH,htiy;l.:;'xSred  '"-- 

"'■^-irc-of^hrieif.'^™ "  '^^^  '^°"^-"^'=  ^'-'•^  "- 

^"•1  rep'°s.':in'r''"  '°"\^  "'■■^■^■^■^  ^  p"'---''.  -d  of 

"^'ecp  shining  green   above;    beneath    lio-hf..       ^ 

andt:;to':Xn:r'''='^^^^^'---"^- 

on    me   larger   branches,    reddish    or   DurDlI^h 

iTs;\.tT  t  tr  o/rt ""-  -  --^ 

-""■". -^^e.a^d;-;.:r:itrsr:,rr;'lt 

p'-'«V  about  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter-  with 


'jr-» 


lilii 


M4 
mm 

III 


28  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [A  11 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
light  and  hard,  of  a  brown  or  reddish  tinge,  becoming 
darker  with  exposure,  and  of  very  great  value  in  cabinet- 
work and  interior  finish.  It  is  now  becoming  scarce,  so 
that  stained  birch  is  often  used  as  a  substitute.  The 
bitter  aromatic  bark  is  used  as  a  valuable  tonic  ;  "  cherry 
brandy  "  is  made  from  the  fruit. 

Fig.   13.  — Wild    Red    Cherry,    Bird    Cherry,    Pin    Cherry. 

P.  Pennsylvanica,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate,  or  alternate  in  pairs  ;  edge 

FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  grooved  above. 

Leaf,  two  to  six  inches  long,  shining  and  smooth  and  of 
about  the  same  shade  of  green  on  both  sides. 

Bark,  reddish-brown  and  smooth,  with  swollen,  rusty- 
colored  dots,  and  usually  stripping,  like  that  of  the 
garden  cherry,  around  the  trunk. 

Flowers,  white,  on  stems  about  one  inch  or  more  in 
length,  in  nearly  stemless  clusters.     May. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  large  pea,  light  red,  on  long  stems 
(about  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long),  sour,  in 
clusters  of  two  to  five  at  the  sides  of  the  branches, 
and  usually  from  the  base  of  the  leaf-stems  ;  seldom 
abundant.     July. 

Found,  Common   in   all  northern   forests.     In    Northern 

New  England  it  quickly   occupies  burned-out  pine 

regions. 

A   slender    tree,   usually    twenty    to    twenty-five    feetj 

high,  of  no  value  as  timber. 


Pin    Cherry. 


pairs ;  edge 


nted.     Base, 


or  more   in 


Fig.  13 


"9 


Fig.  za.-Wild  Black  Cherry.     (P.  serdtina.  Ehr  , 
Fig.  i3.-WiM  Red  Cherry.     (P.  Pennsylvanica   L 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


TT" 


30 


Trees  with  Si^Jipie  Leaves. 


!l    iili: 


il!!'!!|' 


\m 


Fig.  14. — Wild  Plum,  Canada  Plum,  Horse  Plum.    P.  Ameri- 
cana, Marsh. 

Z^iTz/^j,  SIMPLE  ;  alternate;  edge  sharp-toothed. 

Outline,  long  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long,  smooth, 
reddish,  usually  with  two  small  wart-like  glands  on 
the  raised  border  near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  smooth  when  mature  ; 
"  net-veined,"  with  distinct  furrows  over  the  ribs ; 
somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  dark  reddish-green  or  bronze-green, 
resembling  that  of  a  cherry-tree. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inch  in  diameter ;  broad 
oval  ;  yellow,  orange,  or  red  ;  with  a  thick  and  acid 
skin  and  a  pleasant  flavor.     August. 

Stone,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  both  edges  winged  and 
sharp. 

Found,  from  Canada  southward  to  Florida  and  westward, 
and  often  in  cultivation. 

A  small  tree  (sometimes  a  bush),  eight  to  twenty  feet 
high,  with  hard,  reddish  wood.  In  cultivation  it  forms 
an  excellent  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  domestic  plums. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


31 


um.     P.  Ameri- 
OTHED. 

ApeXy   taper- 


neter ;    broad 
lick  and  acid 


s  winged  and 
ind  westward, 


o  twenty  feet 
ition  it  forms 
nestic  plums. 


Fig:.  I4.-Wild  Plum.    (P.  Americana.  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


■■!.  I 


I 


I  I  if  ■ 

i  I: 


32  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  u 

Genus  PYRUS   L.  (Apple,  Mt.  Ash.) 

Note.     (See  others  of  same  yenus,  Sec.  ]),  //.) 

Fig.  15. — Crab-Apple.    P.  coronMa,  L. 

Leaves,  .simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  dlstinctly  toothed 
WHEN  MATURE  ;  sometimes  nearly  three-lobed. 

Outlme,    egg-shape     or   oval.     '  Apex,    pointed.        Base^ 
rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped. 


Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long, 


ender,  downy. 


Leaf,  about  two  to  three  inches  long,  two  thirds  as  wide, 
smooth. 

Flowers,  large  ;  rose-colored  and  white,  in  loose  clusters 
of  five  to  ten  blossoms,  and  very  fragrant.      May. 

Fruit,  round,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter ; 
yellowish,  fragrant,  hard,  and  sour  ;  fit  only  for  pre- 
serving. 

Found,  from  Ontario  to  We-^tern  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  District  of  Columbia ;  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  westward. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  rarely  thirty 
feet,  gaining  its  finest  growth  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower 
Ohio.  Often  its  presence  is  recognized  before  it  is  seen 
by  means  of  the  delightful  fragrance  of  its  blossoms. 


The  Narrow-leaved  Crab-Apple(V.  angustifolia,  Ait.) 
is  sometimes,  though  very  seldom,  found  as  far  north  as 
Southern  Pennsylvania. 

Its  leaves  are  narrower  and  its  fruit  and  flowers 
smaller  than  in  the  northern  species. 


Iliil 


C        [A  n 


L 


eaves  Alternate. 


\M  TOOTHED 

)bed. 

sd.       BasBy 


der,  downy, 
'ds  as  wide> 

ose  clusters 
May. 

I  diameter ; 
nly  for  pre- 

k,   Pennsyl- 
along   the 

arely  thirty 
f  the  lower 
'e  it  is  seen 
ssoms. 

ifolia,  Ait.) 
ar  north  as 

nd    flowers 


7^1 


Fig.  iS.-Ciab-. 


Apple.     (P.  coronaria    L  \ 

NATURAL    SIZE.  ' 


ili!! 


34  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  ir 

Genus  CRAT/EGUS,  L.     (Thorn.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  strength. 

Fig.  i6.— White  Thorn,  Scarlet-fruited  Thorn,  Red  Haw. 

C.  coccinea,  L, 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  (and  in  alternate  bunches)  ; 

EDGE    UNEVENLY    SHARP-TOOTHED     (with     fivC    tO     nine 

deep  cuts  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  rounded  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  usu- 
ally slightly  pointed,  but  often  blunt  or  slightly 
heart-shape. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  often  with  small  wart-like  glands. 

Leaf,  usually  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
but  of  variable  size  on  the  same  tree  ;  thin  ;  smooth  ; 
shining. 

Branchlets,  greenish,  or  whitish  and  shining,  as  though 
washed  with  silver.  Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long, 
stout,  often  whitish,  usually  slightly  curved. 

Floivers,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across ;  white  (often 
with  a  rosy  tinge)  ;  twelve  or  so  in  a  bunch  ;  with  a 
strong  and  rather  disagreeable  odor.     May. 

Fruit,  nearly  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  rounded  or  egg- 
shape  ;  bright  red  ;  with  thin  pulp  and  one  to  five 
stones  ;  somewhat  edible.     September. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  southward  to  Northern 
Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 

A  low  tree  (or  often  a  bush),  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
with  crooked,  spreading  branches  ;  very  common  at  the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 


Leaves  Altentate. 


Red  Haw. 

bunches)  ; 
ve  to   nine 


to  Northern 


JPigf.  16.- White  Thorn  and  Fruit     (C 

P'^.  X7.-Black  Thorn     iT\  ""'"'"'  ^'^ 

inorn.    (C.  tomentdsa,  L.) 

NATURAL.    SIZE.  ' 


Z^ 


36 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves, 


[All 


It 
i  "i  I 

I 

it  I! 


Mini  I 


A  variety  with  its  leaves  downy,  at  least  on  the  under 
side,  and  with  its  red  fruit  large  and  downy  {par,  mollis), 
is  found  from  Central  Michigan  southward  and  westward. 

Fig.  17. — Black  Thorn,  Pear  Thorn.     C.  tomentbsa,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alt?:rnate  ;  edge  sharply  and  un- 
equally TOOTHED  (sometimes  with  quite  deep  and 
sharp  cuts,  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  tapering  in  a  hollow  curve  and  along  the  sides 
of  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point. 

Leaf-stem,  bordered  by  the  leaf,  to  its  base. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to 
three  inches  wide  ;  upper  surface  smoothish,  and  fur- 
rowed above  the  ribs  ;  under  surface  downy,  at  least 
when  young  ;  rather  thick  ;  permanently  downy  on 
the  ribs.      Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long. 

Bark  of  trunk,  smooth  and  gray.  New  twigs,  Kjht 
greenish-brown. 

Flowers,  often  one  inch  across  ;  white  ;  eight  to  twelve  in 
a  cluster ;  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  fragrant. 
May,  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter ;  round  or  pear- 
shaped  ;  orange-red  or  crimson  ;  edible.      October. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Western  Florida, 
and  from  Eastern  Texas  far  westward.     Common. 

A  thickly  branching  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  eight  to 
twenty  feet  high  ;  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
American  Thorns.  It  varies  greatly  in  size,  and  in  the 
style  of  its  fruit  and  leaves. 


[All 

the  under 
r.  mollis)  ^ 
westward. 

ihsUy  L. 

AND    UN- 
deep  and 

ly  pointed, 
r  the  sides 


Leaves  Alternate. 


\  a  half  to 
h,  and  fur- 
y,  at  least 
downy  on 

\ngs,    lijht 

)  twelve  in 
:    fragrant. 

d  or  pear- 
3ctober. 

rn  Florida, 
ommon. 

b)  eight  to 
;ed  of  the 
and  in  the 


It 


Fig.  i8.— Common  Thorn.    (C. 


NATURAL  SIZE. 


punctata,  Jac.) 


fT 


38 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  11 


Fig.  18.— Common  Thorn,  Dotted-fruited  Thorn.    C.  punctata, 

Jac. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  unevenly  sharp- 
toothed  ABOVE  THE  AHDDLE  ;  somctimes,  toward  the 
apex  deeply  cut. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  strongly  wedge-shape,  tapering  from  above  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  and  along  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point. 

Leaf -stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  slender,  and  winged 
by  the  tapering  leaf. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  about  as 
wide  ;  light  green  ;  rather  thick  ;  downy  when  young ; 
when  mature,  smooth  and  dull,  or  sometimes  hairy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs.  Ribs,  very  straight 
below  ;  above,  marked  by  deep  furrows.  Thorns,  one 
to  two  inches  long,  stout  and  curved,  or  often  wanting. 

Bark,  rough. 

Flowers,  white  ;  eight  to  fifteen  in  somewhat  leafy  bun- 
ches.    May. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  or  more  ;  usually 
dull  red  or  yellow,  with  whitish  dots  ;  round  ;  some- 
what edible.      September. 

Found,   from    New   Brunswick  and  Vermont   southward 
and  westward. 
A    thick,  wide-spreading  tree,  twelve    to   twenty-five 

feet  high. 

Fig.  19. — Cockspur  Thorn.    C.  crus-galli,  L. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge,    sharply    toothed 

ABOVE  ;    ENTIRE  BELOW. 

Outline,    reverse    egg-shape.       Apex,    usually    rounded. 

sometimes  pointed.     Base,  tapering  to  a  point,  quite 

variable. 
Leaf  stent,  short. 


Leaves  .Uteniate, 


59 


Fig.    i9.-Cockspur  Thorn.     (C.  crus-galli    L) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i^-il 


40  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 


Leaf,  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  half  to  three 
quarters  as  wide  ;  dark  green  ;  thick,  smooth,  very 
shining  above.  Thor^is,  two  to  three  inches  long, 
rather  slender  and  straight. 

Flowers,  white ;  fragrant ;  in  bunches  of  about  fifteen 
blossoms,  on  very  short  side  branchlets.     June. 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter  ;  pear-shaped  or 
round  ;  red  remaining  on  the  tree  during  the  winter. 

Found,  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  westward,  and  from 
Vermont,  southward  and  westward  ;  not  common. 

A  small,  thick-branching  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high. 
It  is  the  best  species  of  thorn  for  hedges. 


Var.  pyracanthifblia,  has  a  somewhat  narrower  leaf 
and  longer  leaf-stem. 

Genus  AMELANCHIER,   Medik.     (June-berry.) 

Fig.  20. — Shad-bush,  June-berry,  Service  Tree.    A.  Canadensis 

(L.),  Medik. 

Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;    edge   very    sharply   and 

FINELY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  egg-shape. 
Apex,  sometimes  bristle-pointed.  Base,  slightly  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  usually  two  to  three  inches  long,  somewhat  downy 
when  young,  afterward  very  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark  of  branches  and  twigs  usually  purplish-brown  and 
very  smooth. 

Flowers,  large,  white,  in  long  and  loose  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
April,  May. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


41 


Fig.  20.— Shad-bush.     A.  CanaHJ.nci=  n   ^  i^..-., 

NATURAL    s,£-— ('"^.Mcdi.: 


■^ 


\ 


42  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Fridt,  berry-like,  round,  purplish,  sweet,  and  edible.   June. 

Found,  in    woods   and    along   streams;    common   at  the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high,  or  in  some  of  its 
numerous  forms  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  noticeable  and 
showy  in  early  spring  because  of  its  flowers. 

The  variety  A.  C.  oblongifblia,  T.  and  G.,  differs  some- 
what from  the  above  in  the  dimensions  of  the  flowers  and 
flower  clusters,  etc. 

The  name  "shad-bush"  is  given  because  the  trees 
blossom  about  the  time  that  the  shad  "  run." 

Genus  OXYDENDRUM,  D.  C.  (Sorrel  Tree.) 

From  two  (Ireek  words  meaning  sour  and  tree. 

Fig.  21.— Sorrel  Tree,  Sour  Wood.     O.  arbhreum  (L.).  D.  C. 
Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edc.e  toothed. 
Ontlific,  oval.     Apex,  pointed.    Base,  rounded  or  slightly 

pointed. 
Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a 

half   inches  wide,    soon    becoming    smooth,    with    a 

decided  acid  taste  (whence  the  name). 
Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  deeply  furrowed. 
Flowers,  white,  in  loose  and  long  one-sided  clusters. 
Fonnd,  from  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  southward,  chiefly 

along  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  usually  in  dry, 

gravelly  soil. 
A   tree   forty  to    sixty    feet    high,    with   hard,    close- 
grained  wood,  which  is  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  the 
bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 


il^'i 


Leaves  Alternate. 


43 


Fig.  2i.-Sorrel  Tree.      O.  arb6reum  (L.),  D.  C. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


44  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  ii 

Genus  ULMUS,  L.  (Elm.) 

Fig.  22. — White  Elm.     U.  AmericHna^  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  sharply  and  often 

DOUBLY    toothed. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shaped,  or  inversely  egg-shaped ; 
always  one-sided. 

Base,   rounded,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  rarely  pointed. 

Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  about  one  quarter  inch  long.     Buds,  smooth. 

Leaf,  usually  two  to  five  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half 
to  two  and  a  half  wide  ;  somewhat  downy  when 
young,  afterward  roughish  below ;  above,  either 
rough  in  one  direction,  or  (especially  if  taken  from 
the  ends  of  the  long  branches)  smooth  and  shining. 
The  ribs  prominent  and  straight. 

Bark  of  the  branches  not  marked  with  "  corky  ridges  "  ; 
branchlets,  smooth. 

Seeds,  flat  egc^-shaped  or  oval,  winged  and  fringed  all 
around.      Last  of  May. 

Found,  northward  to  Southern  Newfoundland  ;  southward 
to  Florida;  westward  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota. 
Toward  the  western  and  southwestern  limits  it  is 
found  only  in  the  river-bottom  lands. 

One  of  the  very  noblest  of  American  trees,  eighty  feet 
or  more  in  height,  and  of  strong  and  graceful  proportions. 
The  trunk  divides  at  a  slight  angle  into  two  or  three  arch- 
ing limbs,  and  these  again  into  many  smaller  curving  and 
drooping  branches.  The  trunk  and  the  larger  branches 
are  often  heavily  fringed  with  short  and  leafy  boughs. 

The  tree  is  widely  cultivated.  Stre*"  s  planted  with  it 
become  columned  and  arched  like  the  aisles  of  a  Gothic 
cathedral. 

The  wood  is  hard,  and  very  tough  from  the  interlacing 
of  its  fibres.      It  is  used  in  makine"  saddle-trees   and  for 


D    OFTEN 


Fig.  22._White  Elm.     (U.  Americana.  L  ) 
Fig.  23._SIippery  Elm.     (U.  fulva.  Mirhaux.) 

NATUF^AL     ^IZF. 


« 


4^  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  ii 

wheel-lmbs,  and  is  now  largely  exported  to   England  to 
be  used  in  boat-       id  ship-building. 

One  day  I  found  four  men  in  a  stone  quarry,  working 
with  iron  bars  and  rollers  over  a  heavy  flat  slab.  They 
were  moving  the  stone  slowly  up  a  narrow  plank  into 
their  cart.  "John,"  I  said,  "  I  would  not  think  that  board 
could  hold  a  stone  of  such  weight  two  minutes.  Is  it 
hickory?"  "  No  sir,"  said  John,  "that  's  an  elm  plank; 
it  can't  break."      It  did  not  break. 

It  was  one  of  the  woods  which  the  Deacon  used  in 
building  his  famous  "  one-hoss  shay"  : 

"  So  the  deacon  inquired  of  the  village  folk 
Where  he  could  find  the  strongest  oak, 
That  could  n't  be  split  nor  bent  nor  broke, — 
That  was  for  spokes  and  floor  and  sills  ; 
He  sent  for  lancewood  to  make  the  thills  ; 
The  cross-bars  were  ash,  from  the  straightest  trees  ; 
The  panels  of  whitewood,  that  cuts  like  cheese. 
But  lasts  like  iron  for  things  like  these  ; 
The  hubs  of  logs  from  the  '  Settler's  Ellum;— 
Last  of  its  timber, — they  could  n't  sell  'cm, 
Never  an  axe  had  seen  their  chips, 
And  the  wedges  flctu  from  between  their  lips. 
Their  blunt  ends  frizzled  like  celery-tips  j  " 

— Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 

Corky  White  Elm.  U.  racembsa,  Thomas. 
In  foliage  and  shape  and  in  the  qualities  of  its  timber 
this  tree  very  closely  resembles  the  white  elm.  A  very 
noticeable  difference  is  in  its  branches,  which  are  often 
marked  lengthwise  with  many  large,  corky,  almost  winged 
ridges.  Its  seeds  resemble  but  are  rather  larger  than 
those  of  the  white  elm. 

Fotmd,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  through  Western 
New  York  and  Southern  Michigan  to  Northeastern 
Iowa,  and  southward  through  Ohio  to  Central  Ken- 
tucky.     Its  finest  growth  is  in  Southern  Michigan. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


47 
Fi«.  .3.-SUppery  Eto,  Red  Eta.    u.f,a.a.  MU,.u.,  u.  ru,.,. 

Michaux,/. 

0«/&.,  oval  or  long  egg-shape.      4,,.^,  taper-ncinted 
v5«<-,  sl.ghtly  heart-shaped  or  rounded 

^'"^SslX:  ""'^  ^■■^'"^  ■■"*  '™^''  -«  -'i  -ugh. 

Z«/  four  to  seven  inches  long,  three  to  four  inches  wide 
The  upper  surface  is  ro„^A  M  ,c,a^s.  and  .„y  rou<* 

'"'^:■t;ei^:n^L^^^  """^'"^"^  ^-^  ^-'•^'"'  -^  ---o' 

^«r^'  of  the  larger  branches,  brownish  ;  branchlets,  light- 
gray  and  very  ...,./,  becoming  grayish-purple      f  e 
.nner  bark  ,s  very  ,.„«,„y,  aud  -^s^peri" 
Seeds  aat   round,  winged,  but  no^ fringed  'Last  of  May 
J^ound  along  the  lower  St.   Lawrence  to  Ontario    and 

:::^:t::::st:alt::la~^ 

-nfenor,  for  posts  it  is  superior  to  white  elm      It    ™n 

.ous  and  medicmal.     Its  name  of  red  elm  is  due  to  the 
redd.sh^^^^^^^^^ 

.arly  tf  ftft^t  ^"^"^'  L-]  was  introduced 
«ar.>,  and  s  often  found  m  cultivation.  It  differs  from 
the  wh.te  elm,  especially  in  these  items  ■ 

^'"'brand,'"'  """'''  ""'  ""^  ^'°^^-'>'  '^'^-''  "P°"  '^^ 


48  Trees  zuith  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Bark,  darker  and  much  more  broken. 

Branches,  compact  and  more  or  less  horizontal  and  straight 

to  their  ends,  instead  of  arching  and  drooping. 
Seeds,  resembling  in  shape  those  of  the  slippery  elm. 

The  tree  is  sometimes  seen  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high, 
but  usually  is  much  smaller.  Like  all  the  elms  it  is  of 
rapid  growth. 

Genus  CELTIS,  L.     (Hackberry.) 

An  ancient  name  for  the  Lotus. 

Fig.  24.— Hackberry,  Sugar  Berry.     C.  occidentiMis,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  elx;e  sharp-toothed,  but 
entire  at  the  base. 

Old  line,  obliquely  egg-shaped,  very  one-sided.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  usually  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
or  slightly  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one  to  two  inches  wide  ; 


rough. 


Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  ;  sometimes  much  crumpled. 

Frtiit,  about  the  size  of  a  pea  ;  solitary  ;  drooping  from 
the  bases  of  the  leaf-stems,  on  stems  once  or  twice  as 
long  as  the  leaf-stems  ;  rounded  ;  pulp  thin,  sweet, 
and  edible  ;  purplish  red  ;  ripe  in  September. 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  westward  and 
southward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (but  much  larger  at 
the  South),  most  common,  and  reaching  its  finest  growth 
in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  very  variable  in  size 
and  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  its  leaves. 


Variety  crassifhlia  is  sometimes  found,  in  which  the 
leaves  are  thicker  and  usually  toothed  all  around. 


[All 


L 

P'gr-  24-— Hackberrv     (C  «.  -^ 

NATURAL  SIZE 


50  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [A  ii 

Genus  MORUS,  L.  (Mulberry.) 

Fig.  25. — Red  Mulberry.    M.  rudm,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  coarsely  and  some- 
what IRREGULARLY  TOOTHED  \    OY,  at  timeS,  Unc  "[Ulllly 

and  very  variously  two-  to  three-lobed. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  long  pointed  (when  there  are 
side  lobes  their  ends  may  be  rounded).  Base,  heart- 
shaped,  and  more  or  less  one-sided. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  Inches  long,  rather  thin,  rough  above 
and  downy  below,  sometimes  becoming  very  smooth. 
The  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  whitish  below. 

Bark,  grayish,  and  much  broken. 

Berries,  about  the  size  and  shape  of  small  blackberries. 
When  ripe  they  are  very  dark  purple  (nearly  black), 
juicy,  and  sweet.     July. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England,  westward  and  south- 
ward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  in  the  Middle 
and  Western  States  much  larger.  It  is  most  common 
and  reaches  its  finest  crrowth  along  the  lower  Ohio  and 
the  Mississippi  rivers.  Its  wood  is  valuable,  light,  and 
soft,  but  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground. 


The  White  Mtdberry  [M.  alba]  is  sometimes  found 
around  old  houses  and  in  fields.  It  was  introduced  from 
China,  and  was  formerly  cultivated  as  food  for  silk-worms. 
Its  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  Red  Mulberry  in  shape, 
but  are  smooth  and  shining. 


[All 


D    SOME- 

ne'^ually 

here  are 
e,  heart- 
en above 
smooth. 


^berries. 
^  black), 

d  south- 


:  Middle 
common 
'hio  and 
rht,  and 


js  found 
:ed  from 
:-worms. 
n  shape, 


-'iff.  2S.-Red  Mulberry.    (M.  rubra.  L.) 

NATURAL.   SIZE. 


tl    i 


52  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 


Genus    BROUSSON^TIA,   L'Her. 

Paper  Mulberry.    \B.  papyrifera,  Vent^ 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edge  irregularly  sharp- 
toothed,  or,  at  times,  unequally  and  very  variously 
two-  to  three-lobed. 

OuilzHC,  very  nearly  that  of  the  Red  Mulberry  (Fig.  25) 
broad  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  (when  there 
are  side  lobes  their  ends  also  pointed).  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed,  rarely,  in  the  small 
leaves,  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  rough. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  inches  long,  sometimes  nine 
inches  ;  thick  ;  rough  above,  vety  velvety-rotigh.  The 
main  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  are  thickly  netted 
with  smaller  ones. 

Bark,  light  and  smoothish. 

Flowers,  in  long  aments  and  balls. 

Fruit,  not  edible. 

An  introduced  tree,  common  around  houses  or  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

A  low-branching,  large-headed  shade  tree  of  medium 
size,  introduced  from  Japan. 


Flo 


In  Japan  and  China  the  bark  of  the  Paper  Mulberry 
is  made  into  paper,  whence  the  name. 


Leaves  Alternate, 

Genus  PLAtAN  us    T     ^r  .. 

^^^y^^,  I..  (Buttonwood.) 


53 


From  a  Greek  wonl  ...eaning  l,r„ad    i„  ref 

•\"!"^"^'^*"''-'--''hofi.sshadeorof,ts 

Fiff.     26.  -  Buttonwood,     Buttonball    Tree     Plan,    t 

Sycamore.*    /^.  .../^,«,,,/ J  '    ^*"^    ^'^^^ 
Leaves,    simple;     alternate-     mrp    . 

COARSE-TOOTHED      or,  '  VARIABLE.     EITHER 

teeth  or  lobes    harn    "TT?    ^""'^^ '     -'^h    the 
rounded.  "P'  '"^  '^^^  ^^°"°-^  between  them 

<^«^//«..  rounded.      Apex,  pointed      >9. 

heart-shaped,  scjuared,  or  rinded        '  "°"  ^'*  ^^^^ 
Leaf-stem,  downy  when  vn,.n<r  .  i  .  , 

coming  s,nooth  "^ '     °""^  '^""^^"^  "'-"  Vung.  be' 

stems     three    ofo°   '''\''^T'''"  ''>'  "''^'^  ='-"der 

growth   s  in  the  hr^f*-^      i      ,     ^  streams.     Its  finest 
Ohio  rivers  "  ''"'^  "^  "^<=  Mississippi  and 


sir^ 


Fig.  26. — Buttonwood.    (P.  occidentiilis,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


55 

The  largest  of  the  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forests  com- 
mon y  s.xty  to  eighty  feet  high  ;  along  the  western  riTe" 
often  e,ghty  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  high  some 
t.mes  more,  with  a  circumference  of  forty  to  fifty  i^T 

Statt  Xr  ^t:\  ^V-  "  °""=  °f  "^«  '-g-'  '"'the 
btate      It  ,s  e,ghty-five  feet  high.     At  a  point  eight  feet 

Xs  tT";"  "^  circumference  is  fourteen  fe«  three 
mches  The  largest  trunks  are  usually  hollow  The 
wood  ,s  hard  and  compact,  difficult  to  spWt  and  work  o1 
a  redd,sh-brown  color  within.  Its  prLiple  uTe  Ts'Tn 
the  makmg  of  tobacco  boxes.  P  e   use  is  m 


treelonth  1  ''".J,  ^^ewhat  noted  group  of  these 

rees  on  the  grounds  o.  James  Knox,  in  Knoxboro,  N   Y 
In  old  t,mes  they  formed  a  favorite  camping  pi;ce  fl; 
the    Indians   ,„   their    trading    expeditions.   '  They   al 
measure  not  far  from  three  feet  in  diameter 


Genus  BETULA,  L.  (Birch.) 

Fig.  27.-White    Birch,    Old-field    Birch,    Gray  Birch      B. 

populifblia,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  s,mp..e  ;  a,,tk,<nate  (often  alternate  in  pairs')  • 
entire  '"""''""'■"    '^"'^■"■-t<x<thed,    with    tlie    base 

Outline  triangular.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  vari- 
abe,  more  or  less  squared,  sometimes  slightly 
hollowed,    rounded,    or    pointed.  ^     ^ 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  about  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  or  more  in  length. 

Leaf,     one    and    three    quarters  to    three    inches   long 
Smooth    and    shining   on    both    sides. 


56  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 

The  outer  bark  of  the  mature  trunk  is  chalky-white  and 
thin,  but  not,  like  the  bark  of  the  Paper-birch,  easily 
separable  into  layers.  Usually  it  is  marked  with 
blackish  dots  and  lines.  Often  the  branchlets  and 
twigs  are,  blackish,  and  in  very  young  trees  the  bark 
may  be  light  reddish-brown,  and  marked  with  white 
dots. 

Found,  on  poor  soil,  from  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania 
northward  (mostly  toward  the  coast),  and  in  orna- 
mental cultivation.  It  springs  up  abundantly  over 
burned  and  abandoned  lands. 

A  slender,  short-lived  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high, 
with  white,  soft  wood,  not  durable  ;  used  largely  in  mak- 
ing spools,  shoe-pegs,  etc.,  and  tor  fuel. 


A  still  more  graceful  cultivated  species  is  the  Eu- 
ropean Weeping  Birch  [B.  p^ndula].  Its  branches  are 
very  drooping,  with  more  slender  leaves,  and  a  spray  that 
is  exceedingly  light  and  delicate,  especially  in  early 
spring. 


Fig.  28.— Paper  Birch,   Canoe  Birch,  White  Birch.    B.papy- 

r)fera,  Marsh. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge    sharply    and    un- 
equally   DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shaped.       Apex,  pointed.       Base,  rounded, 
slightly  heart-shaped,  or,  rarely,  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  downy. 


[AIT 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  27 


57 


Fig.  28 


Pif '  '8"~Sf '  p  "*='•     ^^-  P°P"l'f^lia.  Marsh.) 
Fig.  28.-Paper  B.rch.     (B.  papyrlfera,  Marsh. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


58  Tj^ees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [Air 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  dark  green  and  smooth 
above  ;  beneath,  dull,  and  with  the  ribs  somcwhct 
hairy,  especially  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  tough  and  durable ;  thick  ;  snow- 
white  on  the  outside  ;  easily  removed  from  the  wood, 
and  then  itself  very  separable  into  paper-like  sheets. 
The  inner  sheets  are  of  a  reddish  tinge. 

Found,  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Pennsylvania,  New 
England,  and  far  northward,  farther  than  any  other 
non-evergreen  tree  of  America,  excepting  the  aspen. 

A  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.  The  wood  is  light, 
hard,  and  very  close-grained,  but  decays  rapidly  when 
exposed — more  rapidly  than  the  bark,  which  often 
remains  as  a  shell  long  after  the  wood  within  has 
disappeared.  It  is  very  largely  used  in  making  spools, 
pegs,  shoe-lasts,  in  turnery,  for  wood-pulp,  and  for  fuel. 
The  waterproof  bark  is  much  used  by  Indians  and 
trappers  for  their  canoes. 


"  Give  me  of  your  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Of  your  yellow  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Growing  by  the  rushing  river, 
Tall  and  stately  in  the  valley  ! 
I  a  light  canoe  will  build  me. 
That  shall  float  upon  the  river, 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  autumn, 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily. 

*  Lay  aside  your  cloak,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Lay  aside  your  white-skin  wrapper, 
For  the  summer  time  is  coming, 
And  the  sun  is  warm  in  heaven. 
And  you  need  no  white- skin  wrapper  !  ' " 

Hiawatha, 


Leaves  Alternate. 


59 


Outline,    eo'^'-shanp     r>ff-^^.,  ,  . 

/.../about  three  inches  lonjj  by  two  inches  wide  or  often 
less ;  whmsh  and  (until  old)  downy  beneath  Lnl7 
'"  -'"-  '-ning  to  a  bright  yellow  '  "*' 

''''"trrk  b  ^  trunk  reddish-brown.  As  the  tree  grows  ti,e 
bark  becomes  torn  and  loose,  hanging  in  tht  shred! 
of  varynisr  shades      'ri.„  „„  •  siireds 

/    »  snacics,      1  lie  young  twigs  are  downy. 

/-»«^  on  low  grounds,  especially  along  river  banks  from 
Massachusetts  westward  and  southward.  It  belme" 
common  only  in  the  lower  part  of  New  le  sey  Its 
finest  growth  is  i„  the  South.  ,t  is  J::^^-JX 
which  grows  m  a  warm  climate 

t>     * 


1 


wr 


60  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 


Fig.  30.— Yellow  Birch.    B.  lUtea,  Michaux.f. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  (often    alternate    in    pairs) ; 

EDGE   VERY   SHARPLY,   UNEQUALLY,   AND   RATHER 
COARSELY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-sliape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  narrowed  and 
/^^«r/-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  about  four  by  two  and  one  fourth  inches,  or  often 
smaller;  thin  ;  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Ribs,  straight. 

Outer  bark  of  trunk  thin  and  a  silvery  yellow,  and  separat- 
ing into  narrow  ribbons  curling  outwards  at  the  ends. 
The  twigs  and  the  bark  are  sweet-tasting  and  aromatic, 
but  less  so  than  in  the  "Sweet  Birch." 

Found,  in  moist  woods,  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, in  Delaware  and  Southern  Minnesota,  and 
northward  into  Canada. 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  or  often  more  in  height ;  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  non-evergreen  trees  of 
New  England  and  Canada.  Its  hard,  close-grained  wood  is 
largely  used  for  fuel,  in  making  furniture,  button-moulds, 
wheel-hubs,  pill-boxes,  etc. 


[All 


Fi>.  30 


«i 


Fig.  29.-Red  Birch.    (B.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  30.-YelIow  Birch.     (B.  iQtea.  Michaux,  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


II 

'ipjf 

11 

r 

¥ 

i 

I 'i    i 


62  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [A  11 


Fig.  31.— Sweet  Birch,  Cherry  Birch,  Black  Birch.    B.  lenta,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  finely  and  sharply 

DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  heart-shaped. 
Leaf-s'  m,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long ;  about  one  half  as  wide  ; 
silky-hairy  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  dark  cheshiut-brown  /  smoothish  when 
young,  but  becoming  rough  in  old  trees.  The  smaller 
branches  are  smooth  and  dotted  with  white  spots. 
In  its  leaves  and  the  color  of  the  twigs  it  somewhat 
resembles  the  garden  cherry.  The  foliage  and  bark 
are  very  aromatic  and  sweet-tasting. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  Northern  Delaware,  west- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  mountains.  It  is 
very  common  in  the  northern  forests. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  many  slender 
branches.  The  wood  is  hard,  f^ne-grained,  and  of  a  red- 
dish tint.  It  is  largely  used  for  cabinet-work  (sometimes 
in  place  of  the  more  valuable  Black  Cherry)  and  for  fuel. 


[All 


Leaves  Alternate. 


63 


tenia,  L. 
lAKPLY 

haped. 


wide  ; 
except 


when 

mailer 
spots, 
ewhat 
ibark 


west- 
It    is 


ender 
a  red- 
:times 
r  fuel. 


1 

j^^^H 

Bfi ' 

'B^^fH 

^^^K4f 'S 

^Bl ' 

'^^B^I'kI 

W^m  \ 

'^S^Ih 

II 

^  .  'JIH 

Fig.  3i.-Sweet  Birch.    (B.  lenta,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


f! 


64  JVees  ivitk  Simple  Leaves,       [aii 

Genus  OSTRYA,  Scop.     (Hop-Hornbeam.) 

Fig.  32,  a  and  A  -  Hop-Hornbeam.   Ironwood,   Leverwood. 

O.  Virginiihia  {  ]i:„;,^  tl  uid. 

Leaves,  simple;    Ai/rEKNAn:  ;    edge    very   sharply   and 

SLIGHTLY    IKRECULAULV    AND    UNEQUALLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,    long    oval    or    lon<r    cgj^-shape.       Apex,    taper- 
pointed.     Base,   slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  fourth  huh  long,  and  often  rough. 

Leaf  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size  on 
the  same  branch  ;  smoothish  above,  paler  and  some- 
what downy  below.  The  straight  ribs  and  their 
angles  hairy. 

Bark  of  trunk,  brownish  or  dark  gray,  and  remarkable  for 
being  finely  furrowed  up  and  down,  with  the  ridges 
broken  Into  three-  to  four-inch  lengths.  These  divi- 
sions are  narrower  than  on  any  other  rough-barked 
tree,  and  they  become  narrower  and  finer  as  the  tree 
grows  older.  The  new  shoots  are  reddish  green  and 
dotted  with  brown  ;  the  younger  branches  purplish- 
brown  and  dotted  with  white  or  gray.  When  the 
>ranch  is  two  to  three  inches  thick,  its  bark  becomes 
grayish  and  begins  to  crack. 

Fruit,  in  long  oval,  drooping  clusters,  resembling  those  of 
the  hop-vine,  with  long,  tmlobcd  scales  that  lap  each 
other  like  shingles.      August,  September. 

Found,  oftenest  on  dry  hill-sides.     Common  North,  South, 
and  West,  especially  in  Southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  white,  very 
strong,  and  compact  wood.  It  would  be  very  valuable,  if 
it  were  more  abundant  and  of  larger  growth. 


65 


^^g-  32.— Hop-Hornbeam       n   tr 

nbeam.      0.  V,rgnuA„a  (Mill),  W-IId. 

NAT:  .'HAL  SIZE. 


66  Trees  zhith  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 

Genus  CARpInUS,  L.     (Hornbeam.) 

F»K-  ZZ^  a  and  ^.—Hornbeam,  Ironwood,  Water  Beech,  Blue 
Beech.     C.  Carolinuhia,   Walt. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge   very   shari'ly    and 

QUITE    IRREGULARLY    AND    UNEVENLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  long  egg-shape. 
Apexy  taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly 
heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  half  inch  long,  slender  and  smooth, 
or  slightly  hairy. 

Leaf,  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size 
on  the  same  branch  ;  nearly  smooth,  slightly  hairy  on 
the  straight  and  distinct  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  deep  bluish-gray  or  slate  ;  smooth,  but 
often  marked  up  and  down  with  irregular  ridges, 
which  run  from  each  side  of  the  lower  branches. 
The  new  shoots  are  somewhat  hairy,  and  brownish 
or  purplish ;  the  older  branchlets,  an  ashy-gray  color, 
with  a  pearly  lustre. 

Fruit,  in  loose  drooping  cluster,  with  leaf-like  scales  that 
are  strongly  three-lobed  and  placed  in  pairs  base  to 
base.     October. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps.  Quite  common 
North,  South,  and  West  ;  northward  often  only  as 
a  low  shrub. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  usually  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
but  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  sometimes 
reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  Its  wood  is  white  and 
very  compact  and  strong. 


[All 


Leaves  Alternate. 


67 


(cv) 


,1  ( 
i 


;  t 
) 

;  j 

/ 

! 

t; 
iiKJi. 


^''ir.  33 —Hornbeam.    (C  r-,„i-  •, 

ra-    (1-.  Caroliniina,  Walt.) 

"■   ^'--U't  scales.     /,.   Leaves. 
NATURAL   SIZE. 


>**»ivaMliW»*» 


68  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [aii 


Genus  CAStAnEA,  L.     (Chestnut.) 

From  the  name  of  a  town  in  Thessaly. 
Fig.  34.— Chestnut.   C.  sat)va  (L.J,  var.  Americana  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edge  sh^rp-toothed  with 
the  teeth  bristle-pointed  and  the  hollows  between 
rounded. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval.     Base  and  Apex  taper-pointed. 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  two  to  three  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  above  and  below  ;  with  straight  ribs  terminat- 
ing in  the  bristle-teeth. 

Bark  of  trunk  grayish  and  in  young  trees  very  smooth. 

Fruit,  with  large  bristly  husks.  Usually  the-e  are  two  or 
three  nuts  pressed  closely  in  each  cell,  and  therefore 
flat  on  one  or  both  oides.  The  nut,  though  smaller, 
is  -weeter  and  more  delicate  than  in  the  European 
variety,  the  "Spanish  Chestnut." 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Delaware  and  Southern 
Indiana;  southward  along  tlie  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  west  to  Middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Its 
finest  growth  is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more,  with  light, 
soft  wood,  largely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  railway  ties,' 
posts,  etc. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


69 


F»&.  34.— Chestnut.     C.  Satlva  ^L  >     „       a 

R 1;         •  ^'^'"''=^"*  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

fRAL    SIZE.  * 


NATUI 


JO         Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

Genus  FAGUS,  L.  (Beech.) 

Fig.  35. — Beech.     F.ferrugtnea,  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;    edge  sharp-toothed,  with 

SMALL  AND  REMOTE  TEETH. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base, 
rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long,  about  half  as  wide  ;  a  very 
"finished"  leaf;  when  young,  fringed  with  soft, 
white  hairs  ;  becoming  smooth  and  polished ;  with 
distinct  and  straight  unbranched  side-ribs,  ending  in 
the  teeth  of  the  edge.  The  dead,  bleached  leaves 
often  cling  thickly  to  the  branches  throughout  the 
winter. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray,  smooth,  and  unbroken. 

Fruit,  a  small  four-celled  prickly  burr,  splitting  half-way 
to  the  base  when  ripe.,  and  with  two  sweet,  three- 
sided  nuts  in  each  shell. 

Found  in  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward, with  its  finest  growth  on  the  "bluffs"  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  basin. 

Large  stately  trees,  with  spreading  branches  and  a 
delicate  spray,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  very  close-grained,  and  is  used  largely  in  the 
making  of  chairs,  handles,  plane-stocks,  shoe-lasts,  and 
for  fuel.  When  the  tree  is  not  crowded,  it  sends  out  its 
nearly  horizontal  or  drooping  branches  as  low  as  from 
ten  to  thirty  feet  above  the  ground. 

Lumber-men  make  the  distinction  of  "Red  Beech" 
and  "White  Beech,"  claiming  that  the  former  is  harder, 
with  a  redder  and  thicker  heart-wood.  , 


'.1 


F'g-  35-— Beech.     (F.  ferruginea,  Ait.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


! 


!'! 


iJ_. 


72  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  11 

Among  woodsmen  and  the  Indians,  the  Beech  is  said 
to  be  a  favorite  refuge  in  thunder-storms.  They  claim 
that  it  is  scancely  ever  struck  by  lightning. 


Lumber-men  claim  a  difference  in  the  quality  of  trees 
which  retain  their  leaves  and  those  which  >hed  them. 
•'  Said  a  neighbor  to  me  one  day  :  '  You  might  'a  knowed 
that  beech  would  split  hard  with  all  the  dry  leaves  on  it," 
— and  it  did.  That  was  the  first  I  'd  ever  heard  of  the 
sign,  but  I  've  never  known  it  fail  since." 


LIST  OF  WILLOWS. 

(A)  Native  trees  ;  all  small : 

Black  Willow  (S.  nigra,  Marshall). 
Scythe-leaved  Willow  (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Torn). 
(S.  amygdaloides,  Anders.). 
Shining  Willow  (S.  llicida,  Muhl). 
Long-beaked  Willow  (S.  rostrata,  Richards). 

(B)  Not  native  trees  ;  all  large  : 

White  Willow  (S.  alba,  L.). 
Blue  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  caerlilea). 
Yellow  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  vittelina). 
Weeping  Willow  (S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.). 
Crack  Willow  (S.  fragilis,  L.). 

Genus  SALIX,  L.     (Willow.) 

From  two  Celtic  words  meaning  "  near"  and  "  water." 

Fig.  36,  a  and  b. — Black  Willow.     S.  nigra,  Marsh. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,   long   and    narrow.     Apex,   long,   taper-pointed. 
Base,  pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 


:^-:i:i 


Leaves  Alternate. 


n 


\ 


<i) 


Fig  36.-Black  V.'illow.    (S.  nigra,  Marsh.^ 
a.  Commonest  forni.     h.   Large  fonn. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


lif 


Eiil 


!|  1 


II  i 


p**- 


n 


74 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [Air 


Leaf-stem,  short  and  woolly. 


half 


foi 


:hes   I( 


Leaf,  one  and  a  halt  to  tour  incties  long  ;  commonest 
length  about  two  inches  (Fig.  i}^,  a)  ;  downy  when 
young,  becoming  smooth  excepting  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  mid-rib,  which  is  usually  woolly. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  and  rough  ;  branches  very  brittle  at 
the  base  and  yellowish  ;  twigs  tough  and  purplish  or 
yellow. 

Found,  in  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  and 
from  Northern  Vermont  southward.  Common  on 
low  ground,  especially  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

A  small  tree,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high  ;  quite  variable 
in  the  style  of  its  foliage  ;  the  latest  to  flower,  in  May. 


S.  amygdalbides,  Anders,  (sometimes  considered  a 
variety  of  S.  nigra)  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  westward. 


Fig'  37.— Scythe-leaved  Willow.     S.  nigra,  var.  falcata,  Terr. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  very  finely  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow,  often  "scythe-shaped."  Apex, 
long,  taper-pointed.  Fiase,  gradually  narrowing  and 
pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  short.  Stipules  (two  small,  leaf-like  appendages 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem),  not  falling  off  when 
yotmg,  as  in  most  of  the  willows  ;  moon-shaped,  finely 
toothed,  wider  than  lone. 


75 


75 


Fig.  37.-Scythe.leaved  Willow.     (S.  n..  var.  falcata,  Torr., 
<>.  Stipules,     d.  Leaves. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


ill 


'^^^H 

^^^H 

H 

1 

76  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [a  ii 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long ;  green  and  smooth  above 
and  below  (silky-downy  when  young). 

Found,  on  low  ground  from  New  England  to  the  Middle 
States  and  westward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub).  The  persistent 
stipules  and  the  length  of  the  leaf  furnish  ready  signs  for 
distinguishing  it  from  S.  nigra. 


Fig.  38.— Shining   Willow,    Glossy    Broad-leaved    Willow. 

S.  liicida,  Muhl. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge    very    finely    and 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED.  ' 


I 


j 

V. 

a 


Outline,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Leaf-buds,  yellowish  and  smooth. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  or  six  inches  long,  one  inch  or 
more  wide  ;  dark  above,  smooth  and  shining  above 
and  below.  Middle  ribs  usually  whitish,  and  distinct 
above. 

Found,  from  New  England  southward  to  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  west  and  north.  Rather  common, 
usually  on  wet  grounds. 

A  small  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  twelve  to  twenty-five 
feet  high. 


77 


IP?  I 


77 


Fig:.  38.-Shining  Willow.    (S.  Iftcida,  Muhl.) 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


78  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  ii 

Fig.  39-— Long-beaked  Willow,  Ochre-flowered  Willow.    S. 

rostrhta,  Richards. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alernate  ;  edge  usually  obscurely 
TOOTHED,  but  varying  from  quite  sharp-toothed  to 
almost  entire  and  slightly  wavy. 

Outline,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp  (or 
sometimes  rather  blunted).  Base,  narrowing  to  a 
point  (or  sometimes  slightly  rounded). 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long  ;  soft,  downy,  and  almost 
velvety  beneath  ;  smoothish  above  ;  ribs  distinct. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  colored  ;  of  the  branches,  usually 
yellow;  twigs,  reddish-brown,  straight  and  tough, 
downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Found,  along  borders  of  woods,  and  on  low  grounds,  from 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  far  westward  and 
northward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub),  four  to  fifteen 
feet  high. 


I 


Fig.  40.— White  Willow.    [.S".  alba,  £.] 
Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;   edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long,  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
wide;  surface  with  white  silky  hairs  beneath,  and 
often  above ;  branches  not  yellow,  and  very  brittle 
at  the  base. 

Introduced  from   Europe,  but   now  common   around 
houses  and  in  low  grounds. 


"f  1 


Leaves  AUer7iate. 


79 


teen 


Fig.  39.-Long.beaked  Willow.     (S.  rostrAta.  Richards.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


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RiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


i/.X 


\ 


8o  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ir 

A  very  large  and  familiar  tree  (fifty  to  eighty  feet 
high),  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Willows ;  low-branching ; 
thick-set,  of  tough  and  rapid  growth.  A  stake  set  in  the 
ground  grows  readily.  The  silvery  look  of  the  tree 
(especially  in  a  strong  wind)  is  due  to  the  gloss  of  its 
downy  leaves. 

The  Blue  Willow  [var.  caerulea  S.]  is  naturalized  in 
Massachusetts. 

Fig.  41.— Yellow  Willow,  Golden  Osier.    IS.  alba,  var.  vitemnoy 

S.  and  B^ 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  ;  in  the 
young  leaves  often  broad  and  rounded.    Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  small  (two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long ;  about 
one  half  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  wide)  ;  surface 
with  white,  silky  hairs  beneath  and  often  above, 
especially  in  the  young  leaves. 

Branches,  brittle  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  and 
yellow. 

Blossoms,  in  May. 

Introduced,  from  Europe,  but  now  found  throughout  the 
United  States.  Common  around  houses  and  in  low 
grounds. 

A  broad-spreading  tree  (thirty  to  forty  feet  high), 
branching  low,  and  with  the  branchlets  thick  and  rather 
erect.  The  tree  has  ^yellowish  look,  due  to  the  color  of 
its  twigs  and  branches. 


[Air 


Fig.  4o.-White  Willow.    [S.  alba.  L.l 
F.g.  4i.-Yellow  Willow.    [S.  a.,  vitelline,  S.  and  B.] 

n.  Young  leaf.     6.  Mature  leaf. 

Fig.  42.-Weeping  Willow.     [S.  Babyldnica.  Tourn.J 
Fig- 43- -Crack  Willow.     [S.  frUgilis,  L.] 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


82  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  ii 

"  The  French,  finding  their  native  forests  giving  out, 
took  to  planting  a  species  of  willow,  Salix  viielllna, 
largely  for  hoops.  So  successful  have  they  been  that, 
besides  raising  all  they  want  for  their  own  use,  they  now 
export  largely  to  British  markets.  Scotch  herring  barrels 
are  chiefly  bound  with  French  willow  hoops." 


Fig,  42.— Weeping  Willow.    [S.  Babylhnica,  Tourn.'] 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long  by  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
wide  ;  somewhat  silky,  of  smooth. 

Blanches  and  branchlets,  very  long,  curved,  and  drooping 
nearly  to  the  ground. 

Introduced,  from  Europe,  now  common,  and  much  used  in 
ornamental  cultivation. 

A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high. 


The  Latin  name  (Babylonica)  was  suggested  by  the 
lament  of  the  Hebrews,  in  the  137th  Psalm. 


"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  we  sat  down  : 
Yea  we  wept  when  we  remembered  Zion. 
We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  willoivs  in  the  midst  thereof." 


[All 


Base, 


Leaves  Alternate. 

Fig.  43.-Crack  Willow,    [s.  frigiiu,  z.] 


83 


what  blunted.  '  '°  ^'  '°  ^PP^^""  ^""'e- 

and  s.ootH  be,o.  ?sitrsr;:iro::^,:'^^^^^ 

Branches  smooth,  shining,  and  greenish  ;  very  brittle  at 
the  base,  cracking  off  almost  "  at  ,•■,  t^uch'" 


Introduced,  from  Europe. 


bushVh::dr;ir::^ria:chS^^^.t'^'''  -'^^  =• 

for  basket.wor.t  "tranches.     Its  withes  are  used 


well  blbrou!!  :«  :  'r^""  "'"^  '"^  '--^  --y  -ry 
those  that  be  i  ke  ^f  T.  "  f'"'  T'  ="'°"'  *^  '^''^^  °' 
the  heate  of  the  aire  Ihlhti,        •"*='  '°  ""'^'"''y  ^-'<= 

in.  to  the  sicke  piLrs^'.^^ctroirHr::"  ^^'^^^^- 


-   V 


84  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Genus  POPULUS,  L.     (Aspen,  Poplar.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  the  people ;  either  because  the  tree  was  often  planted 
along  public  walks,  or  on  account  of  the  restlessness  of  its  leaves. 

Fig.  44.— Aspen,  White  Poplar.    P.  tremuloides,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
rounded  hollows  between. 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  short,  sharp-pointed.  Base^ 
slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  very  much  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  wide,  and  usually  about 
one  half  inch  shorter  than  wide  ;  dark  green  ;  smooth 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  with  a  slight  down  on  the 
edge.     Ribs  distinct  above  and  below  and  whitish. 

Bark  of  trunk,  greenish-white  and  smooth,  often  with 
blotciies  of  very  dark  brown,  especially  under  the 
ends  of  the  branches.    The  bark  is  exceedingly  bitter. 

Found,  from  Northern  Kentucky  and  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  northward  to  Hudson  Bay  and  New- 
foundland, northwest  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  along 
the  Rocky  Mountain  slopes.  It  is  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  North  American  trees. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  white,  soft 
wood  that  is  largely  used  in  place  of  rags  in  making 
coarse  paper.  The  tremulousness  of  its  foliage,  which 
the  slightest  breeze  stirs,  is  due  to  the  thinness  of  the 
sidewise-flattened  leaf-stems. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


85 


Fig.  44.-Aspen.    (P.  tremuloides,  Michx.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


86  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [Air 

Tradition  accounts  differently  for  the  motion  of  the 
leaves.  It  says  that  the  wood  of  the  aspen  tree  was  taken 
for  the  Saviour's  cross,  and  that,  ever  since,  the  tree  has 
shivered. 

Another  tradition  claims  that,  when  Christ  went  by 
on  his  way  to  Calvary,  all  the  trees  sympathized  and 
mourned,  excepting  the  aspen  ;  but  when  he  died,  there 
fell  upon  the  aspen  a  sudden  horror  of  remorse,  and  such 
a  fearful  trembling  as  has  never  passed  away. 

In  describing  the  occupations  of  the  f^fty  maidens  in 
the  hall  of  the  "  gorgeous  palace  "  of  King  Alcinous. 
Homer  says  : 

'  ■     .     .     some  wove  the  web 
Or  twirled  the  spindle,  sitting,  with  a  quick 
Light  motion  like  the  aspen's  glancing  leaves" 

Fig.  45.-Large-t00thed  Aspen.     P.  grandidentata,  Michaux. 

Leaf,    simple;    alternate;    edge  large-toothed,  with 
the  hollows  rounded. 

Outline,  wide  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp-pointed.  Base, 
squared,  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  and  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  on  both  sides 
when  mature  ;  white,  and  covered  thickly  with  silky 
wool  when  young.     Ribs,  whitish  and  distinct  above. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth,  and  of  a  soft,  light  greenish- 
gray  ;  when  old,  becoming  somewhat  cracked.  On 
the  young  branches  the  bark  is  dark. 

Found,  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  through  the 
Northern  States,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Wisconsin  and  Iowa. 
Rare  at  the  South,  common  at  the  North. 


87 


^'gr-  45-— Large  Toothed  Asoen     /P  «.,     -i  ..      , 


88  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [An 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  high,  witli  open,  crooked 
branches.  Large  quantities  of  the  soft,  white  wood  are 
ground  into  pulp  for  making  paper.  "  In  both  this  and 
the  preceding  species,  the  leaves  of  young  sprouts  are 
often  differently  shaped  and  toothed,  and  much  en- 
larged."-—(Porter.) 

Poplar  wood,  like  other  soft  woods,  is  not  usually 
esteemed  for  durability  ;  but  an  old  couplet,  said  to  have 
been  found  inscribed  on  a  poplar  plank,  teaches  dif- 
ferently  : 

"  Though  '  heart  of  Oak  '  be  e'er  so  stout, 
Keep  me  dry,  and  I  '11  see  him  out." 


Fig.  46.-Downy-leaved  Poplar,  River  Cottonwood,  Swamp 
Cottonwood.     P.  heterophylla,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  toothed. 

Outline,  roundish  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  blunt  (never 
taper-pointed  J.  Base,  heart-shape,  sometimes  with  the 
lobes  so  close  or  overlapping  as  to  cover  the  end  of 
the  leaf-stem. 

Leaf-stem,  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long  (on  young  sprouts,  eight  to 
ten  inches)  ;  when  young,  thickly  covered  with  white 
down  ;  becoming  smooth,  except  on  the  ribs  below. 

Found,  in  borders  of  swamps,  from  Long  Island  south- 
ward to  Southern  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  Western  Louisiana,  and  northward  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana.     Rare  and  local. 

A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high. 


[All 


Wj.  4«.-Dow.,..ea„d  P„p,„.    (p.  ^,„^^^, 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


'      M 


90  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  11 

Fig.  47.— Cottonwood,  Poplar,  Necklace  Poplar,  River  Poplar. 
P.  moniD/era,  AH.     P.  angulhta.  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  somewhat  irregularly 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  (approaching  triangular-shape). 
Apex,  long,  taper-pointed.  Base,  squared,  slightly- 
hollowed,  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender  and  much  compressed  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  (much  larger  on 
young  shoots)  ;  length  and  width  nearly  the  same  ; 
smooth  ;  ribs  distinct  and  whitish  on  both  sides, 
irregular,  and  branching. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light  "granite-gray,"  smooth  on  young 
trunks,  becoming  somewhat  rough  with  age,  and  with 
rounded  up-and-down  furrows.  New  and  vigorous 
shoots  are  green,  and  marked  with  short  white  or 
brownish  lines. 

Seeds,  covered  with  a  white,  cotton-like  fibre. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England  southward  to  Wes- 
tern Florida,  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  common  "  cottonwood  "  of  the  West,  bordering 
all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  very 
light  and  soft  wood  is  largely  used  in  making  paper  pulp, 
for  light  boxes,  and  for  fuel. 


Experiments  have  been  made  in  separating  and  weav- 
ing the  cottony  fibre  of  the  poplar  seeds.  It  can  be 
manufactured  into  cloth,  but  not  in  paying  quantity  and 
quality. 


FifT-  47-— Cottonwood.     (P.  monilifera,  Ait.) 


I 


m 


92 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  11 


Fig.  48.— Balsam  Poplar,  Tacamahac.     P.  hahaniifera,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;    edge  finely  and  rather 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  nearly  smooth,  the  lower  half  rounded,  the 
upper  part  only  slightly  flattened.  The  leaf-buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  yellow,  and  covered  with  a 
fragrant  gum  (as,  to  some  extent,  are  the  buds  of 
most  of  the  poplars). 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long;  when  young,  yellowish 
above,  becoming  bright  green  ;  whitish,  and  "  net- 
veined  "  below  ;  smooth. 

Found  in  Northern  New  En^.and,  Central  Michigan,  and 
Minnesota,  and  far  northward. 
A  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with  very  light  and 

soft  wood. 

Fig.  49.— Balm  of  Gilead,  Heart-leaved  Balsam  Poplar.    P. 

balsamlfera,  var.  candicans  (Ait.),  Gray. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  toothed. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  heart- 
shape. 

Leaf -stem,  usually  hairy,  nearly  round.  The  leaf  buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  varnished,  and  very  fragrant. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long,  nearly  as  broad  ;  yellowish 
when  young,  becoming  dark  green  above,  and  whitish 
beneath  ;  net-veined. 

Bark,  smooth  and  greenish,  and  often  dark-spotted, 

Found,   seldom  or  never  growing  wild,  but   common    in 
cultivation. 
A  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  loosely  and  irregularly 

branched,  and  with  abundant  foliage. 


J 


[All 


Fig.  48.— Balsam  Poplar.    (P.  balsamlfera,  L.) 
Fig.  49.— Balm  of  Gilead.     P.  b.  dlndicans  (Ait.),  C-ray. 

NATURAL,    SIZE, 


i 


I    I 


i'. 


! !  ; 

s  ■  I 

I  i  i 

J'' 


94  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  ii 

Fig.  50. — Lombardy  Poplar.     \P.  dilatata,  At'/.] 
Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  toothed. 

Otitline,  very  broad  oval  (approaching  diamond  shape). 
Apex,  pointed.     Base,  pointed. 

Leaf-stc7n,  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  inches  long,  width  and  length 
about  the  same. 

Introduced  about  one  hundred  years  ago  from  Italy,  and 
now  often  found  in  old  settlements. 

A  tall  and  very  slender  tree,  with  crowded,  perpen- 
dicular branches. 

Fig.  51.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar,  Abele, White  Poplar.   \P.  alba,  Z.] 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  usually  lobed  (the 
lobes  toothed). 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape.  Base,  usually  slightly  heart- 
shaped.     Apex  of  the  lobes,  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  and  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  when 
mature,  smooth  and  dark  green  above,  below  downy 
and  almost  snow-white.  In  the  young  leaves  both 
surfaces  and  the  leaf-stem  are  snowy-white  and  downy. 

A  native  of  Europe  ;  now  widely  introduced. 

A  very  ornamental  tree,  but  troublesome  in  cultiva- 
tion, and  now  out  of  favor  because  of  the  abundance  of 
suckers  that  spring  from  its  roots. 

NoTK. — See  Clnstiiiil  Oahs  witli  their  j;enus  under  Sec.  A,  ///.  (a), 


[All 


Leaves  Alternate, 


95 


Fig.  51 


Fig.  SO,— Lombardy  Poplar.    [P.  dilat^ta,  Ait.] 
Fig.  SI.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar.     [P.  alba,  L.] 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES   ALTERNATE 


CONTINUED 

(EDGE    LOBED) 
A  III 

fa  J  and  CbJ 


tE 


r 


ii' 


J:; 


M: 

T 
It 


Genus  LIRIODENDRON,  L.     (Tulip  Tree.) 

From  two  Cireek  words  meaning  lily  and  tree. 

Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree,  Whitewood,  Yellow  Poplar.*    Z.  /u- 

lififera,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (lobes  entire). 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  cut  almost  squarely  across,  with 
a  shallow  hollow,  giving  a  square  look  to  the  upper 
half  of  the  leaf.     Base,  usually  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  very  smooth  ; 
with  four  to  six  lobes  (two  lobes  at  the  summit ;  at 
the  sides  two,  or  two  large  and  two  small). 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  ash-color  and  slightly  rough. 

Flowers,  four  to  six  inches  across  ;  greenish-yellow,  marked 
within  with  orange  ;  somewhat  tuiip-like,  fragrant, 
solitary.     May,  June. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south- 
ward and  westward.  Its  finest  growth  is  in  the 
valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River  and  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Among  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  North 
American  trees.     It  is  usually  seventy  to  one  hundred 

*  The  name  should  he  dropped.     The  tree  is  not  a  poplar. 

98 


Leaves  Alternate. 


99 


Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree.    (L.,  tulipifera,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


if 


loo  Trees  zvitk  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

feet  high,  often  much  higher,  with  a  straight,  clear  trunk, 
that  divides  rather  abruptly  at  the  summit  into  coarse  and 
straggling  branches.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft,  straight- 
grained,  and  easily  worked,  with  the  heart  wood  light 
yellow  or  brown,  and  the  thin  sap  wood  nearly  white.  It 
is  very  widely  and  variously  used — for  construction,  for 
interior  finish,  for  shingles,  in  boat-building,  for  the  panels 
of  carriages,  especially  in  the  making  of  wooden  pumps 
and  wooden  ware  of  different  kinds. 

I  asked  a  carpenter :  "  Hope,  is  n't  it  the  tulip  wood 
(which  you  call  poplar)  that  the  carriage-makers  use  for 
their  panels  ?" 

"  Yes,  and  the  reason  is,  because  it  shapes  so  easily. 
If  you  take  a  panel  and  wet  one  side,  and  hold  the  other 
side  to  a  hot  stove-pipe,  the  piece  will  just  hug  the  pipe. 
It  's  the  best  wood  there  is  for  panelling." 


W 


"Of  all  the  trees  of  North  America  with  deciduous 
leaves,  the  tulip  tree,  next  to  the  buttonwood,  attains  the 
amplest  dimensions,  while  the  perfect  straightness  and 
uniform  diameter  of  its  trunk  for  upwards  of  forty  feet, 
the  more  regular  disposition  of  its  branches,  and  the 
greater  richness  of  its  foliage,  give  it  a  decided  superiority 
over  the  buttonwood  and  entitle  it  to  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  vegetables  of  the  temperate 
zone." — MicHAUx. 


4ul 

I! 
f 


The  tulip  tree  was  very  highly  esteemed  by  the 
ancients  ;  so  much  so  that  in  some  of  their  festivals  they 
are  said  to  have  honored  it  by  pouring  over  its  roots 
libations  of  wine. 


Leaves  Alternate. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  OAKS. 


lOI 


Section  I.— Leaves,  «^/ sharp-pointed  *  or  bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  annual. 

A.  Leaves,  deeply  lobed,  with  the  ends  of  the  lobes 

and   the   hollows  rounded.      Pp.    102-106       (The 
White  Oaks.) 

B.  Leaves,  wavy-toothed.*      Pp.  108-112.    (The  Chest- 

nut Oaks.) 

Section    II.— Leaves,     sharp-pointed     or    bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  biennial. 

A.  Leaves,  abruptly  widening  above  and  slightly  lobed, 

lobes  rounded  t  and  bristle-tipped.      P.  114.      (Black 
Jack.) 

B.  Leaves,  deeply  lobed  ;  the  ends  of  the  lobes  sharp 

and  bristle-tipped. 

(i)  Mature  leaves  downy  beneath.  P.  116.  (Spanish 
Oak.) 

(2)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.  Acorn-cup  with  coarse  scales  and  more  or 
less  top-shaped,  and  covering  one  third  or  nearly 
one  half  of  the  nut.  Pp.  11 8- 12 2.  (Scarlet  Oak 
and  Black  Oak.) 

(3)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.  Acorn-cup  with  fine  scales,  shallow,  saucer- 
shape,  much  shorter  than  the  nut.  Pp.  122-124. 
(Red  Oak  and  Pin  Oak.) 

C.    Leaves,   entire,   very   narrow,   pointed,  and   bristle- 
tipped.      Pp.  126-128.     (The  Willow  Oaks.) 

*  Excepting  yellow  rhestmit  Oak,  which  is  usually  sharp-toothed, 
f  Excepting  sometimes  Hlack  (atk. 


I02  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 


.  jii, 
11 


w 


il 


-  f 


-h 


i!  1 


Genus  Quercus,   L.     (Oak.) 

Possibly  from  a  Celtic  word  meaning  to  inquire,  because  it  wis  among  the  oaks  that 
the  Druids  oftenest  practised  their  rites. 

Fig-  53-— White  Oak.     Q.  alba,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edcje  lobed  ;  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire  or  sometimes  coarsely  notched  and  hol- 
lowed at  their  ends.) 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  quite  variable  in  size  and  shape  ;  four  to  seven 
inches  long  ;  smooth  ;  pale  beneath  ;  the  lobes  often- 
est five  to  nine,  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
widening  toward  the  end,  but  at  other  times  only- 
three  to  five,  short  and  broad,  and  radiating  obliquely 
from  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  slightly  roughened  (comparatively  smooth 
for  an  oak),  light-gray  ;  in  older  trees  loosening  in 
large,  thin  scales  ;  the  inner  bark  white. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  fourth  of  an  inch 
or  more  in  length.  Ctip,  rounded  saucer-shape,  not 
scaly,  but  rough  and  warty  and  much  shorter  than 
the  nut.  Nut,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long,  slightly 
^gg"shape  or  oval ;  brown,  sweet,  and  edible.    October. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Southeastern 
Minnesota,  Arkansas,  and  Texas.  Its  finest  growth 
is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  in  the  Ohio  basin. 

A  noble  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  or  more  in  height, 
with  hard,  tough  wood  of  very  great  value  in  many  kinds 
of  manufacturing,  and  for  fuel.  The  withered,  light-brown 
leaves  often  cling  throughout  the  winter. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


103 


I 


Fig-  S3.— White  Oak.    (Q.  alba,  L.) 

LEAVES    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


liiil 


1 


iii^! 


104  Trees  ivith  Simple  Leaves.      I  a  in 

The  "oak-apples"  or  "galls"  often  found  on  oak-trees 
are  the  work  of  "gall-flies"  and  their  larVcX-.  When  green, 
tiny  worms  will  usually  be  found  at  their  centre.  Quaint 
reference  is  made  to  these  galls  in  Gerardes'  "  Herbal"  : 

"Oak-apples  being  broken  in  sunder  before  they  have 
an  hole  thorough  them  do  fore  shewe  the  sequell  of  the 
yeere.  If  they  conteine  in  them  a  Hie,  then  warre  insueth  ; 
if  a  creeping  worme,  then  scarcitie  of  victuals  ;  if  a  running 
spider,  then  followeth  great  sickness  or  mortalitie." 

The  oak,  probably  more  than  any  other  tree,  has  been 
associated  with  worship  of  the  gods.  The  "  Talking 
Tree  "  of  the  sanctuary  in  Dodona  (the  oldest  of  all  the 
Hellenic  sanctuaries,  and  second  in  repute  only  to  that  at 
Delphi)  was  an  oak.  Oak  groves  were  favorite  places 
for  altars  and  temples  of  Jupiter.  The  Druids  worshipped 
under  the  oak-trees. 

Fig.  54.— Post  Oak,  Iron  Oak,  Rough-leaved  White  Oak. 

Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg.     Q.  ohtusiloba,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire,  or  sometimes  hollowed  more  or  less 
deeply  at  the  ends). 

Outline,  usually  broad,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Base, 
wedge-shape  or  round.     Apex  of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long  ;  rough  above  and  below  ; 
thick  and  coarse.  The  lobes,  five  to  seven  and  ex- 
ceedingly variable  in  size  and  shape,  radiating  almost 
at  right  angles  from  the  middle  rib  ;  sometimes  broad 
and  squared,  sometimes  much  narrowed  toward  their 
base,  with  the  spreading  ends  themselves  lobed  or 
hollowed  ;  often  irregularly  and  unequally  placed. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  resembii-ifr  that  of  the  white  oak,  but 
rather  darker.     Inner  b./':  whi;/:. 


los 


FiV.    Cit. Pncf    Oalr  n      tninnr  t'Ms'-l-''       f^-rir 

LEAVES    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


II 


1 06  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Acorns,  two  to  three  together  on  a  short  stem  (about  one 
fourth  inch),  or  single  and  nearly  stemless.  Cup, 
round  saucer-shape,  rather  thin,  with  very  small 
scales,  not  warty.  Nut,  about  one  half  inch  long  ; 
egg-shape  or  oval ;  more  than  one  third  covered  by 
the  cup  ;  shining  blackish-brown,  and  often  slightly 
striped  ;  very  sweet. 

Found,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  southward  and 
westward. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  of  value,  especially  in 
the  Southwestern  States,  where  it  is  very  common. 

Fig.  55— Burr  Oak,  Mossy-cup  Oak,  Over-cup  White  Oak. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  lobed  (the  edge  of  the  lobes 
entire,  or  of  the  larger  ones  sometimes  wavy). 

Oullme,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  the  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  six  to  fifteen  inches  long  (the  longest  of  the  oak- 
leaves)  ;  smooth  above,  downy  beneath  ;  the  lobes 
usually  long  and  rather  irregular,  the  middle  ones 
longest  and  often  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  the  young  branches  always  marked  with  corky 
wings  or  ridges. 

Acorns,  large,  with  short  stems.  Cup,  two  thirds  to  two 
inches  across,  roughly  covered  with  pointed  scales, 
and  heavily  fringed  around  the  nut.  Nut,  very  large 
(one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long)  ;  broad  egg- 
shape  ;  one  half  to  two  thirds  or  often  wholly  en- 
closed by  the  cup. 

Found,  along  the  coast  of  Maine  southward  as  far  as  the 
Penobscot,  in  Western  New  England,  in  Western 
New  York,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  thence  westward  to 
the  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 


Leaves  Alternate. 


107 


Fig.  SS'— Burr  Oak.    (Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.) 
LEAVES  AND  FRUIT   REDUCED  ONE   FOURTH. 


io8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,      [A  in 

and  from  Central  Nebraska  and  Kansas  southwest  to 
the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 

It  is  found  farther  v/est  and  northwest  than  any  other 
oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests.  In  the  prairie  region  it  forms 
the  principal  growth  of  the  "  Oak  Openings." 

One  of  the  most  valuable  and  widely  distributed  oaks 
of  North  America,  growing  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  height, 
or  more,  with  hard,  tough  wood  resembling  that  of  the 
White  Oak. 

"The  most  interesting  thing  about  this  tree,  perhaps, 
is  its  power,  quite  unknown  in  the  other  White  Oaks,  of 
adapting  itself  to  very  different  climatic  conditions,  which 
enables  it  to  live  in  the  humid  climate  of  Maine  and 
Vermont,  to  flourish  in  the  somewhat  drier  climate  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  to  exist  [still  farther  west]  in  the 
driest  and  most  exposed  region  inhabited  by  any  of  the 
Eastern  American  oaks." — Sargent. 


i 


Q.  m.  olivcsfbrmis  is  a  variety  found  only  in  a  few  dis- 
tricts (near  Albany  and  in  Pennsylvania),  having  narrower 
and  rather  more  deeply  lobed  leaves. 

Fig.  56.— Swamp  White  Oak.     Q.  buolor,  Willd.     Q.  prinus,  var. 

discolor,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  quite  deeply  wavy- 
toothed. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  blunt-pointed. 
Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  smooth,  and  rather 
bright  green  above  ;  whitish-downy  bcjieath,  becom- 
ing almost  silvery-white  ;  often  with  a  rather  deep 
hollow  jus»:  below  the  middle,  and  usually  abruptly 
spreading  above  ;  the  teeth  unequal,  longest  toward 
the  middle  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  almost  long  enough 


Leaves  Alternate, 


109 


Fig.  56.— Swamp  White  Oak,     (Q.  bicolor,  Wi!!d  ) 

NAlUr^AL   SIZE. 


no  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [aiii 


VM 


I : 

f  : 


to  be  called  lobes  ;  mostly  rounded  at  the  apex,  but 
sometimes  ending  in  a  hard  point  ;  the  main  ribs 
prominent  and  rust-colored. 

Bark  of  trunk,  grayish-white,  dividing  into  large,  flat  scales. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  and  a  quarter  to 
three  inches  long.  Ctcp,  rounded,  rather  thin,  rough, 
with  sharp  scales  ;  the  upper  scales  bristle-tipped, 
forming  a  border,  or  sometimes  a  fringe,  along  the 
edge  ;  slightly  downy  within.  Nut,  one  inch  or  less 
in  length,  egg-shape  ;  sweet.     October. 

Found  from  Southern  Maine  and  the  Upper  St.  Law- 
rence to  Southeastern  Iowa  and  Western  Missouri, 
south  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains to  Northern  Georgia  ;  along  borders  of  streams 
and  in  swamps,  in  deep,  rich  soil.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high   or  more,  with  wood 
similar  in  value  to  that  of  the  White  Oak. 

Fig-  57.— Chestnut  Oak,  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak,  Rock  Chest- 
nut Oak.     Q.prinus,  L.     Q.  pnnus,  var.  mont)color.  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  coarsely  and  evenly 

WAVY-TOOTHED. 

Otitline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  sometimes  oval.  Apex, 
blunt-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed, 
and  often  somewhat  unequal. 

Leaf,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  two  to  four  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  above,  pal-r  and  downy  beneath.  Teeth, 
twelve  to  twenty-six,  decreasing  evenly  and  uniformly 
to  the  apex. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray  ;  furrowed  up  and  down  with  con- 
tinuous and  often  very  deep  furrows,  with  sharp 
ridges  between. 


[Am 


P'g:-  57.— Chestnut  Oak,     (Q.  prinus,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


112  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [Aiir 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  about  one  half  of  an 
inch  long,  or  often  shorter.  Cup,  rounded  or  some- 
what top-shaped,  with  minute  scales,  or  warty.  Nut, 
usually  long  egg-shape  or  long  oval  ;  one  to  one  and 
one  fourth  inches  long ;  brown  ;  aboi  t  one  third 
covered  by  the  cup  ;  sweet.     September,  October. 

Found,  from  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  York,  south- 
ward to  Delaware,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama  and  westward  to  Central  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

A  tree  forty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  strong, 
hard  wood,  largely  used  in  fencing,  for  railroad  ties,  etc.  ; 
of  less  value  than  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Its  bark  is  very 
rich  in  tannin. 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak,  Yellow  Oak.     Q.  Muhknbirgii, 

Engcl.     Q.  castanea,   Willd. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  evenly  and  sharply 
(or  sometimes  bluntly)  toothed. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval  (or  sometimes  wide).  Apex, 
taper-pointed.     Base,  pointed  or  blunt. 

Leaf-stem,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  to  seven  inches  long,  by  one  and 
one  half  to  two  inches  wide,  but  sometimes  so  wide 
as  to  resemble  the  preceding  species  ( Q.primis ),  from 
which,  however,  it  is  distinguished  by  its  tJiin  bark. 
Of  all  the  "  chestnut-oak "  leaves  it  most  closely 
resembles  the  chestnut  leaf.  It  is  smooth  above, 
whitish  and  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light,  flaky,  and  thin. 


[Am 


Leaves  Alternate. 


"3 


% 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.     Q.  (Muhl.),  Engel. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


114  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,      [Am 

Acorn,  nearly  stemless.  Cuf),  about  fivi;  twelfths  to  seven 
twelfths  of  an  inch  across  ;  rouiulcd  ;  thin,  with  very 
small,  closely  pressed  scales.  Nut,  sc^ven  twelfths  to 
nine  twelfths  of  an  inch  long;  e^ir-shape  or  narrow 
oval,  light  brown,  about  one  third  covered  by  cup  ; 
sweet.      October. 

Found,  from  Massachusetts  to  Delaware,  along  tlu;  moun- 
tains to  Northern  Alabama  and  westward.  Very 
common  west  of  the  Alleghany   Mountains. 

A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  strong  ami  durable 
wood. 


?!  ' 


J! 


Fig.  59— Black  Jack,  Jack  Oak,  Barren  Oak.    Q.  nif^ra,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  eih;e  sluihtlv  loijed  at 
THE  ui'PER  I'AKT  (edge  of  the  lobes  entire). 

Outline,  abruptly  widening  above.  Base,  heart-shape  or 
rounded.  Apex  of  lobes,  rounded  or  sometimes 
slightly  pointed,  and  bristle-tipped,  at  least  until  old. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (on  vigorous  shoots  much 
longer)  ;  dark  green,  smooth,  and  shining  above  ; 
below  rusty  and  roughish,  thick  and  tough  ;  ribs 
distinct  above.  Lodes,  three  (sometimes  five),  very 
short,  and  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf. 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  blackish. 

Acorn,  nearly  or  quite  stemless.  Cup,  top-shaped,  coarsely 
scaly.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long ; 
rounded  egg-shape  ;  darkish-brown  when  ripe  ;  nearly 
one  half  covered  by  the  cup.     October. 


I, I 


Leaves  Alternate, 


"5 


Fig-  59--Black  Jack.     (Q.  nigra,  L.) 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


if: 


ii6  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves,      [Am 

Found,  on  Long  Island,  southward  and  westward.     Very 
common  through  the  Southern  States. 

A  small  tree,  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 

Fig.  6o.-Spanish  Oak.     Q.  cuneata,  Wang.     Q.  falaMa,  Michx, 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ai,tkrnatk  ;  kdge  lohed  (the  edges  of 
the  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  often  with  one  to  three 
teeth  toward  the  ends). 

Outline,  abruptly  spreading  above  the  middle.  Base, 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  unequal.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  when  present,  sharp  and 
bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  dark,  dull  green, 
and  rough  above  ;  below,  grayish  and  downy.  Lobes, 
usually  three,  sometimes  four  or  five,  mostly  long  and 
narrow,  especially  the  end  one. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  grooved. 

Acorns,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  shallow,  somewhat  top- 
shaped.  Nut,  about  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long  ; 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  hollowed  at  the  apex  ; 
bitter.     October. 

Foimd,  in  sandy  soils  and  barrens,  from  Long  Island 
southward;  in  the  Northern  States,  only  near  the 
coast  and  rare. 

A  tree  about  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  New  Jersey  ; 
in  the  South,  seventy  to  eighty  feet ;  with  wood  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 


"7 


Fig.  60.— Spanish  Oak.    (Q.  cuneJita,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


|7 


i.'l 
it' 


¥1 


>  i 


ill 


ii8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Fig.  6i.-Scarlet  Oak.     Q.  coa^nea^Wang. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alteunatk  ;  eikje  deeply  lobed  (edges 
of  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed 
towards  the  ends). 

Outline,  broadly  oval  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape.  Base, 
very  short  wedge-shape  or  squared.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Zm/  four  to  eight  inches  long,  bright  green  above,  slightly 
lighter  below;  both  surfaces  smooth  and  shining 
Lobes,  five  to  nine,  usually  seven  with  the  hollows 
rounded  and  very  broad,  and  reaching  about  two 
thirds  of  the  way  to  the  middle  rib.  Most  of  the 
lobes  widen  and  are  deeply  notched  toward  their  end. 

Bark  of  trunk,  thick  and  rough,  usually  not  quite  as  dark 
or  as  straight-furrowed  as  that  of  the  Black  Oak. 
The  inner  bark  reddish. 

Acorns,  variable.      Cup,  very  thick,  top-shaped,  with  large 
somewhat  triangular  egg-shaped,  scales.     Nut,  one 
half   to   three   fourths   of   an    inch    long;   round    or 
rounded  egg-shape,  about  one  third  covered  by  the 
cup  ;  kernel  bitter  and  whitish.     October. 

Found,  from  Southern   Maine  southward  and  westward- 
most  common  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 

A  tree  fifty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  wood  of  less  value 
than  some  of  the  other  oaks.  In  the  fall  the  leaves  turn 
^  a  bright  scarlet,  or  orange-scarlet,  or  crimson  and  red. 
Ihey  often  chng  throughout  the  winter. 


>  i 


iiq 


Fig.  6i.-Scarlet  Oak.    ^Q.  coccinea,  Wang.) 


NATURAL   SIZE. 


si 


1 20  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Fig.  62,  «  and  ^.-Black  Oak,  Yellow-Bark  Oak,  Quercitron, 

Y  enow  Oak.     Q.  cocdnea^var.  timtbria.Gray.     Q.  tinctbria,  Bar. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;   edge   lobed   (edge  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but   oftenest  with  a  few  teeth 
toward  the  end). 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.    Base,  usually  rounded 
Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  sharp  and 
bristle-pointed,  especially  when  young. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  three  to  five  inches  wide  • 
very  variable.  The  two  types,  a  and  b,  are  often 
found  on  the  same  tree  ;  ^  is  a  variation  toward  the 
leaf  of  the  Scarlet  Oak.  The  upper  surface  is  rough- 
ish,  becoming  smoother  when  mature;  the  under 
surface,  rusty-downy  until  mid-summer,  when  the 
down  mostly  disappears,  except  from  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed 
with  an  inner  bark  that  is  very  thick  and  yellow  and 
bitter. 

Acorns,  variable  ;  usually  small  ;  on  short  stems.  Cup, 
thick;  somewhat  top-shaped;  scales  distinct  and 
rather  large.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long  ;  rounded  ;  nearly  one  third  covered  by  the  cup. 
Keriiel,  bright  yellow  or  orange  and  bitter.    October.' 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  southward  and  westward. 
Very  comn^on,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  forests. 

A  tree  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  wood  that  is 
inferior  to  that  of  the  White  Oak.  The  yellow  inner  bark 
(quercitron  of  the  shops)  is  a  valuable  dye,  and  is  rich  in 
tannin.  Late  in  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  a  rich 
yellowish-brown  or  russet. 


Leaves  Alternate, 


121 


Fig.  62,  a  and  /'. — Black  Oalr       lC\    ^     t--      41   •       « 

oiacK  uaK.     (Q,  c,  tinctdna,  Gray.) 

FRUIT    AND    LKAVES    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


1    r. 


im 


it 


122 


■l| 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  iii 


It  is  very  probable  that  the  "Black  Oak"  and  the 
"Scarlet  Oak"  ou^rht  to  be  considered  as  one,  and  de- 
scribed, not  as  species  and  variety,  but  as  slightly  different 
forms  of  the  single  species  Q.  coccinea.  Though  the 
most  distinctive  leaves  of  the  "  Black  Oak "  are  easily 
recognized,  often  others  are  so  nearly  like  those  of  the 
"Scarlet  Oak"  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  between 
them  ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  fruit  and  the  bark. 
Michaux  f.  says  :  "  The  only  constant  difference  between 
the  acorns  of  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  the  Black  Oak  is  in  the 
kernel,  which  is  white  in  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  yellow  in 
the  Black  Oak." 


The  Gray  Oak  (O.  c,  ambigua,  Gray)  is  a  variety 
sometimes  found  along  the  northeastern  boundary  of  the 
States  (as  far  as  Lake  Champlain)  and  northward.  It 
combines  the  foliage  of  the  Red  Oak  with  the  acorn  of 
the  Scarlet  Oak. 

Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.     Q.  rubra,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;   ei)c;e  lohed  (edges  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  slightly  toothed  toward  the 
ends). 

Otaline,  about  oval.  Base,  short  wedge-shape,  or  rounded. 
Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  their  one  to  three  slight 
teeth,  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  six  to  nine  inches  long,  three  to  five  inches  wide  ; 
both  surfaces  smooth.  Lobes,  nine  to  thirteen,  usually 
very  tapering  from  the  base,  with  the  hollows  between 
them  rounded  and  narrozv  and  extending  about  half 
way  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  greenish-gray,  and  continuing  smooth 
longer  than  on  any  other  oak,  never  becoming  as 
rough,  for  example,  as  that  of  the  black  oak. 


133 


Fig.  63.-Red  Oak.     (Q.  rubra,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


§  an 


,if.. 


124  Trees  with  Si7nple  Leaves,      [Am 

Acorns,  large  and  stemless,  or  nearly  so.      Ctip,  flat  saucer- 
shape,   bulging,   very    shallow,    nearly    smooth,   with 
small  scales.      Nut,  about  one  inch  long,  somewhat 
egg-shape;  bitter.     October. 
Found,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  westward  and 
southward.  Very  common,  especially  at  the  North,  and 
extending  farther  north  than  any  other  Atlantic  oak. 
A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  wood  that  at  the 
East  is  porous  and  not  durable  (though  often  of  better 
quality   westward).       It    is    used    for    clapboards   and    in 
cooperage.      The  leaves  ciiange  in  the  fall  to  dark  red. 

Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak,  Swamp   Spanish   Oak,  Water  Oak.     (9. 

palustris,  D.  Hoi. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lohed  (edges  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed  towards 
the  ends). 

Outlme,   narrow  oval  or  broad   oval.       Base,   from   long 
wedge-shape  to  squared.     Ends  of  lobes  and  of  the 
teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 
Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long ;  both  sides  bright  green, 
smooth,  and  shining;  downy  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs 
below.      Lobes,  seven  to  nine,  usually  seven,  with  the 
hollows  between  them  broad  and  round  and  usually 
reaching  about  three  fourths  of  the  way  or  more  to 
the  middle  rib.      The  wide  type  of  leaf  closely  re- 
sembles the  leaves  of  the  scarlet  oak,  but  it  is  sma//er 
and  usually  the  hollows  reach  nearer  to  the  middle  rib. 
Bark,  smoothish  (comparatively),  inner  bark  reddish. 
Acorns,  numerous,  small,  on  short  stems.     Cup,  tol^-shaped, 
shallow,  and  nearly  smooth.     Nu/,  rounded,  one  half 
inch  long  or  less,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  light 
brown.      October. 


\ 


\ 


Q. 


: 


II 


i 


»«S 


Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak.      (Q.  paliistris,  D.  Roi.) 

NATUHAU    SIZE. 


I 


126  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      (Am 

Foumi,  from  tlut  valley  of  the  Connecticut  lo  Central  New 
York,  southward  to  Delaware  and  the;  District  of 
Columbia;  in  Southern  Wisconsin  and  southward; 
usually  alono-  streams  and  on  low,  wet  land.  Most 
common  and  reaching-  its  finest  orowth  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  handsome  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  usually  with 
a  pointed  top  and  with  lioht  and  dc^licate  foliage.  "-. 
wood  is  rather  coarse  and  not  durabh'.  It  tak(>s^its  , 
of  Pin  Oak  from  the  peg-like  look  of  the  dead  twigs  and 
short  branches  with  which  the  lower  parts  of  the  trl>e  are 
usually  set. 


Fig.  65.— Willow  Oak,  Peach-leaved  Oak.     ().  Phdlo^,  /. 

Zmjvf.s-,  siMi'i.i;  ;  ai,ti.:rn.\tk  ;   kdc;.;   kntikk. 

Outlmc,  long  and  narrow.  Apex,  pointed  and  bristle- 
tipp(Hl.      Jiasc,  pointetl. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (sometimes  fr  e)  ;  one  half 
to  seven  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  ;  rather  thick  and 
stiff;  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  somewhat  dull  be- 
neath ;  very  )-oung  leaves,  light  green  above  and  soft, 
whity-downy  beneath. 

Bark,  thick  and  smoothish. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  rather  shallow, 
saucer-shaped,  or  somewhat  rounded  top-shape.' 
Nut,  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  rounded, 
brown  ;  kernel,  bitter  and  bright  orange.      October.' 

Found,   from   Staten   Island   and   New  Jersey  southward 
along  the  coast  to  Northeastern  Florida  and  the  Gulf 
States,  and  from  Kentucky  southwestward.      Usually 
on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  in  sandy  woods. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood. 


• 


I 


[A  in 


Leaves  Alternate. 


127 


F«g-  65.— Willow  Oak.     (Q.  Phellos,  L.) 

NATURAL.  SIZE. 


I  I 
if  ■ 


11 


128  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,       [Am 

Fig.  66.— Shingle  Oak,  Laurel  Oak.     Q.  imMoina,  Michx. 

Leaves,  sfmi'm-;  ;  ai.tkknatf.  ;  edge  kntikk. 

Otitline,  lonjr  and  narrow.  Apex,  pointed  and  bristle- 
tipped.     Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  one  to  two  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  and  shining  above  ;  somewhat  downy  be- 
neath ;  thick  and  stiff. 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  shallow.  Nuts,  round- 
ed ;  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  bitter.    October. 

lunind,    in   Ltihigh  County,    Pennsylvania  (Porter),  west- 
ward to  Southeastern   Iowa,  and  southward.      Most 
common  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood,  that 

is  used  at  the  West  for  shingles  and  clapboards. 

NoTK.— Of  the  nine  hvl.rids  that  have  been  reu<-t;i.i/e.l,  most  are  .mtsi.le  of  our 
limits  or  entiiel^  local.      Mention  need  he  made  only  of  two  ■ 

('.  //,/,v,'/.//r//„  Michaux  (•'  nartram's  ( )al<  ").  'staten  Island  and  New  l.-rsey  to 
Delaware  and  North  farolina.  ■^  '      ' 

Q.  A'ltMiiii,  liritt.      New  Jersey. 

'niK  OAK. 

"  Live  thy  Life, 

Young  and  old, 
I-ike  yon  oak, 
Bright  in  spring, 

Living  gold  ; 

Summer-rich 

Then  ;  and  then 
Autumn-changed, 
Sober-hued 

Gold  again. 

All  his  leaves 

Fall'n  at  length, 
Look,  he  stands, 
Trunk  and  bough. 

Naked  strength." 

Ali-rki)  (Lord)  Tennyson,  1889. 

NOTK.— See  S,is.ui/r<is  (S.  officinale),  under  Section  A,  /.,  pafje  18. 
NoTK.— See  Hiitlon-vooii (\\  occidentalis),  under  Section  A,  //.,  page  53. 


Ic- 


<-'') 


Fig.  66.-Shingle  Oak.    (Q.  imbricAria,  Michx.) 

NATUr    ^L    SIZE. 


hi 


# 


m 

ill 


130  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [a  in 

Genus  LIQUIDAmBER,  L.     (Sweet  Gum.) 

Fig.  67.— Sweet  Gum,  Bilsted.     /.  styraaflua,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternatk  ;  edge  deeply  lohed  (lobes 
finely  and  sharply  toothed  throughout). 

Outline,  rounded.  The  lobes  are  five  to  seven,  radiatin^r 
from  the  base.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed.  Base 
of  the  leaf,  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  inches  in  diameter,  smooth  and 
shining,  with  a  pleasant  odor  when  bruised.  Ribs 
tufted  at  their  angles. 

Bark,  gray  ;  usually  strongly  winged  with  corky  ridges 
along  the  branchlets.  In  the  South,  a  spicy  gum, 
from  v/hich  the  tree  takes  its  name,  oozes  from  the 
bark. 

Fruit,  small  woody  pods  are  collected  into  a  round  ball. 
These  usually  contain  a  few  good  seeds  and  a  large 
number  of  others  that  resemble  saw-dust.  Septem- 
ber. 

Fou7id,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  It 
reaches  its  finest  growth  and  is  very  common  in  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  basin. 

A  fine  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  or  southward 
one  hundred  feet  and  more.  The  wood  is  valuable,  and 
would  be  better  appreciated  except  for  the  difficulty 
of  seasoning  it.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute 
for  Black  Walnut.     Its  gum  is  used  medicinally. 


Note  i. — See  Mulberry,  under  A,  //.,  page  50. 

Note  2. — See  Paper  Mulberry,  under  A,  //.,  page  52. 

Note  3. — See  Silver  Poplar,  with  its  genus,  under  A,  //.,  page  94. 


■t'    If 


■■  ♦ 


HI 


atinq- 
Base 


and 
Ribs 


•idges 

gum, 

n  the 


1  ball, 
large 


It 
the 


MftE 


I 


»3' 


Fig.  67.— Sweet  Gum.     (L.  styraciflua,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


I  Hi 


H 


■ 

t 

^B- 

T 

^B 

' 

1' 

... 

I 

c 

1 

^^^K   ^ 

t 
I 

^^K  kI 

t 

L 

TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


L'ONTINl/KI) 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(ED(iE    ENTIRE) 
B    I 


Ik 


vl 


:  i 


if     I 


1'i 


lii. 


Genus  CORN  US,  L.      (Dogwood.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  horn,  because  of  the  liardness  of  the  wood. 

Fig.  68.— Flowering  Dogwood,  Cornel.     C.  flbrida,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  egg-shape,  or  often  broad  oval,  or  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Apex,  pointed,  often  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed  and  usually  slightly  unequal. 

Leaf-stem,  short  (about  one  half  inch). 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long ;  smooth  above  ;  pale  and 
nearly  smooth  beneath  ;  with  the  whitish  ribs  very 
distinct  and  curved. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  rough,  with  short,  broken 
ridges.  The  bark,  especially  of  the  roots,  is  very 
bitter  and  is  used  as  a  tonic. 

Flowers.  The  real  flowers  are  greenish-yellow,  in  a  small, 
rounded  bunch  ;  but  this  bunch  is  surrounded  by 
four  large,  petal-like  leaves,  white  and  often  tinged 
with  pink,  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  reverse  egg- 
shaped,  and  ending  in  a  hard,  abruptly  turned  point. 
The  appearance  is  of  a  single  large  flower.  The  tree 
blossoms  in  May  before  the  leaves  are  fully  set. 

Frtiit.  The  "  flower "  is  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  oval 
berries  that  turn  bright  red  as  they  ripen,  making  the 
tree  in  the  autumn,  with  its  richly  changing  foliage, 
nearly  as  attractive  as  in  the  spring. 

134 


^B':; 


»35 


Fig.  68.— Flowering  Dogwood.     (C.  iidrida,  L.) 

NATUKAL   SIZE. 


136  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [bi 

Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  New  England  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward  to  Florida  and  Texas.  It  is  very 
common,  especially  at  the  South. 

A  finely  shaped,  rather  flat-branching  tree,  usually 
twelve  to  thirty  feet  high,  but  dwindling,  northward,  to 
the  dimensions  of  a  shrub  ;  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
all  our  native  flowering  trees.  Its  character  throughout 
and  the  extent  of  its  range  would  seem  to  warrant  the 
recognition  of  its  blossom  as  the  "national  flower." 


ill 


iSi! 


'.    I 


f  ■  I 


Fig.  69.  —  Alternate-leaved    Dogwood,    Alternate-leaved 
Cornel.     C.  alternifblia,  L.  /. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  (often  crowded  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches)  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  broadly  oval  or  egg-shape  or  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  pointed.     Apex,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  one  inch  long  or  more. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  four  inches  long,  sometimes  yellowish- 
green  ;  smooth  above  ;  whitish  beneath,  and  slightly 
rough  between  the  prominent  curved  ribs,  seldom 
entirely  flat,  usually  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  smooth,  yellowish-green,  with 
whitish  streaks. 

Flowers,  yellowish  in  loose  flat  clusters.      June. 

Fruit,  very  dark  blue  when  ripe,  on  reddish  stems. 
August. 


[BI 


Leaves  Opposite, 


m 


Fig.  69.— Alternate-leaved  Dogwood.     (C.  alternifdlia,  L.  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


:!ll 


w 


138  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,        [bi 

Found,  in  low  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  from  New 
Brunswick  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  with 
wide-spreading  branches  and  flattish  top.  A  "Shaker 
Medicine  "  is  made  from  its  bitter  bark. 


Genus  CHIONAnTHUS.  L.     (Fringe  Tree.) 


From  two  Greek  words  nieaninjj  "snow"  and  "  fl 


owers. 


Fig-  70.— Fringe  Tree.     C.  Virginica,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,   oval,   long  oval,   or  reverse   egg-shape.      Apex, 
pointed  (or  sometimes  rounded).     Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  smooth. 

Flowers,   with   narrow  petals   nearly  an   inch   in  length 
snow-white,    in    long,   loose,   and    drooping  clusters.' 
June. 

Fruit,  on^  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  oval,  purplish, 
with  one  stony  seed. 

Found,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  New  Jersey  and 
Southern  Pennsylvania  southward.  Common  and 
very  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

A  small       e  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  or  often  a 
shrub. 


[BI 


Leaves  Opposite, 


139 


Fig.  7o.-Fringe  Tree.    (C.  Virginica,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


\t 


1      ■,  ■ 

:-'', 

Itti,  ! 


5  ml 

!!f 

'1 


I' 

'!,       if 


HO  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [bi 

Genus  CATALPA,  Scop.,  Walt.     (Catalpa.) 

Probably  ---pUon  of  the  Indian  won'         ,wba.  which  was  the  nan,e  of  an  impor- 
tant tr>l.e  that  occupied  a  large  pu  .  of  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas. 

Fig.  7i.-Catalpa,  Catawba,  Indian  Bean.     C.  bisnonoides,  Walt. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  or  heart-shape.     Apex,  pointed 
Base,  heart-shape. 

Leaf   five  to  eight  inches  wide  ;    smooth  above,  downy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  silver-gray,  only  slightly  furrowed. 

Flowers,    very    showy    and    fragrant,    in    large,    upright 
pyramid-shaped     clusters;     white    or    violet-tinged 
spotted  inside  with  yellow  and  purple.     July. 

Fruit  in  long,  rounded  pods  (six  to  twelve  inches  long 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter),  with  the  seeds 
winged  and  fringed.  They  often  remain  through- 
out    the    winter.       October. 

T^W,  now  very  widely  naturalized  throughout  the 
Middle  and  Southern  Atlantic  States,  though  for- 
merly  a  rare  and  local  Southern  tree. 

A  low,  very  ornamental  tree,  usually  twenty  to  thirty 
leet  high.      Its  seeds  and  bark  are  considered  medicinal. 


.III 


Another  species.  C  speciosa,  Ward,  larger  and  of 
more  value,  is  sometimes  met  with  in  Southern  Illinois 
and  the  adjoining  States. 


[BI 


Leaves  Opposite, 


141 


the 
for- 


Fig-  7i.-CataIpa.     (C.  bignonoides,  Walt  ) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    R-DUCED    ONE    THIF^D. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES    OPPOSITE 


I'll 

it  i:| 


C(>Nii\n:ii 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
B   n 


II 


ii' 


1'! 


^^11 


Cienus  VIBURNUM.  L.     (Haw  and  Viburnum.) 

Fig.  72.-Black  Haw,  Stag  Bush,     r  prunifhltum,  L. 

Leaves,  simple;  opposite;  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,  broadly  oval,  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape 
Apex,  rounded,  sometimes  pointed.  Base,  rounded 
sometimes  slightly  pointed.      Quite  variable. 

Leaf-sUm,  short  and  smooth,  the  edges  slightly  winged 
the  7cnngs  siraight.  * 

Z^../  about  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long;  smooth  • 
shining  above.  * 

Flowers,  white,  in  rather  large  and  flat,  stemless  bunches 
•     at  the  ends  of  the  branches.      May. 

Berries,  oval,  blackish,  sweet  and  edible. 

Found,    in    Connecticut    and    Southern     New    York    to 

Michigan  and  southward. 

* 

A  small  tree  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  or  oftenest 
at  the  North  a  low.  much-branching  shrub.  Usually 
with  some  of  its  branches  stunted  and  bare. 

The  tonic  bark  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 


les 


V= 


Fig.  72.-Black  Haw.    (V.  prunifdlium,  L.) 
F.g.  73.-   Sweet  Vibiirnum.    (V.  lentago,  L.) 

NATURAL   KI7-E. 


h6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [Bii 


i,      . 


Fig.   73 —Sweet    Viburnum,    Sheep    Berry,    Nanny    Berry. 

/'.  lentago,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    opposite  ;    edge  closely  and  sharply 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  round.     Quite 
variable. 

Leaf-stem,   winged  on   both   sides  with   a  wavy  border  ; 
when  young,  sprinkled  with  brownish  glands. 

Leaf,  ;  oout  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  half  as  wide  or 
more  ;  smooth. 

Flowers,  white,  in  flat,  stemless  clusters.      May.  June. 

Fruit,  one  half  inch  long;  oval;  sweetish;  red,  becom- 
ing almost  black  when  ripe  ;  edible. 

Found,  from  Hudson's  Bay  through  the  Northern  States, 
southward  to  Georgia.  Common  in  swamps  and 
rich,  moist  soil, 

A   tree   fifteen    to    twenty  feet   high,   with   hard,   ill- 
smelling  wood. 


[Bll 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES   OPPOSITE 


t  <>MiMi:i) 


(Hnr.R    LOBED) 
B  JII 


7. 


!  ,'' 


ll 


I'M 


n 


•? 


ih 


Genus  ACER,  L.     (Maple.) 

From  a  I.atiii  wonl  inc-aiiin^'  sliarp.  liecause  of  the  ancient  use  of  the  wood  for  spear- 
heads and  other  weapons. 

Fig.  74.— Striped  Maple,  Moosewood,  Whistlewood,  Goose- 
foot  Maple.     J.  Pefinsylvanicum,  L. 

Leaves,   simple  •    opposite  ;    edge   L(Mn-:i),  with  the  lobes 
very  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded  in  the  lower  half,  three-lobed  above 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  sharp.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  slim  and  pointed.  Base,  more  or  less 
heart-shape. 

Bark,  smooth,  green,  and  peculiarly  marked  lengthwise 
with  dark  stripes. 

Flowers,  large,  yellowish-green.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  with  spreading  pale-green  wings,  in  long  clusters. 

Found,  in  Canada,  through  the  Northern  Atlantic  States, 
westward  to  Northeastern  Minnesota,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia. 

A   small   and   slender  tree   or  shrub,    usually   ten   to 
twenty-five  feet  high. 

14! 


.'If 


i 


'  ijj. 


Fig.  74.-Striped  Maple.     (A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.) 

'*'  NATURAL    SIZE. 


I50  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,       [Bin 

Fiff.  75— Sugar  Maple,  Hard  Maple,  Rock  Maple.    A.  shc- 
c/iarum,  Marsh.     A.  sacchartnum,  Wang. 

Leaves,  simple;  opposite;  edge  loued,  with  the  lobes 
very  sparingly  and  coarsely  sharp-toothed  or  the 
lower  pair  entire. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  three  to  five  lobes,  usually  five, 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  and  between  the 
coarse  teeth  rounded.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed. 
Base,  heart-shaped  or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  dark  green  above  ;  slightly  lighter  beneath  ;  smooth 
or  somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  ;  closely  resembling 
that  of  the  introduced  "  Norway  Maple  "  but  lacking 
the  hitter's  milky-juiced  leaf-stem. 

Bark,  light  gray,  usually  smoothish  when  youtig,  becoming 
rough  and  scaly. 

Flowers,  yellowish-green  and  very  abundant.     April,  May. 

Fruit,  greenish-yellow,  smooth,  drooping,  on  thread-like 
and  hairy  stems  one  to  two  inches  long,  with  wings 
about  one  inch  long,  broad  and  slightly  spreading. 
September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Canada  through  the  Northern 
States,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  westward  to  Minnesota,  Eastern  Nebraska,  and 
Eastern  Texas.  Its  finest  development  is  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  It  grows  in  rich  woods ; 
often  it  forms  "groves,"  sometimes  extensive  forests.' 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more  ;  of  very  great 
value  in   many  directions,— as  a  shade-tree,  for  fuel,  for 


Leaves  Opposite. 


151 


m 


t\ 


Fig.  75 -Sugar  Maple.    (A.  saccharum,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL     SIZE 


152  Trees  zvitk  Simple  Leaves,      [Bin 

interior  finish  and  tlie  makin-  of  furniture,  for  its  ashes 
which  give  large  quantities  of  potash  ;  especially  for  its 
sap.  which  yields  the  "maple  sugar"  of  commerce. 

Accidental  variations  furnish  the  handsome  Bird's-eye 
Maple  and  Curled  Maple. 


^      The  yield  of  sugar  by  an  average  tree  in  one  season 
IS  irom  five  to  ten  pounds. 


i        I 


i    -I 


]ii 


J. 


Fig.  76.-Black  Maple.     ./.  ..,  ,.,,;-.  ni^run,,  T.  and  G. 

This  variety  is  distinguislied   from    its   species  (i  e 
from  the  Sugar  Maple)  by  the  shape  of  its  leaf,  Uiich' 
however,  is  somewhat  variable,  and  also  by  the  followin^^ 
Items :  *» 

Bark,  blackish. 

Baseoi  the  leaf,  when  heart-shaped,  sometimes  with  over- 
lapping  lobes. 

Seed-wiiigs,  set  wide  apart,  but  only  slightly  diverging. 

Found  chielly  along  streams  and  in   river  bottoms,  from 
V\  estern  Vermont  to  Missouri  and  Northern  Alabama. 

Fig.  77.-Silver  Maple,   White  Maple,  Soft  Maple.    ./    uu- 

chahnum,  L.     A.  dasycarpum,  Ehr. 

Z.«e;..    simple;  opposite;  eik;e   ..eeplv  lohei..  with  the 
lobes  unequally  notched  and  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  five  lobes  (the  lowest  pair  much 

the  smallest),  and  with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes 

A/;./.v^'and  usually  extending  half  way  to  the  base  of 


Leaves  Opposite. 


153 


Fig.  76.-Black  Maple.    (A.  s., 


NATURAL   SIZE. 


var.  nigrum.; 


% 


h^i 


!  )• 


It, 


I 


U 


i!,        '!! 


154  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves,       [Bin 

the  leaf.    Apex  of  lobes,  pointed.    Base,  heart-shaped 
or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  silvery  lohitc  beneath  ;  downy  when  young,  becom- 
ing smooth. 

Flowers,  small,  pale,  yellowish-green  ;  in  crowded  clusters 
March,  April. 

Fricit,  yellowish-green  ;  woolly  when  young,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  on  stems  about  one  inch  long,  with 
very  large,  wide-spreading  wings  (two  to  three  inches 
long),  one  of  which  is  often  imdeveloped.    July,  August. 

Found,  widely  distributed,  but  most  common  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  and  southward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  soft,  white  wood 
of  comparatively  slight  value. 

Fig.    78.— Red    Maple,    Swamp    Maple,    Soft    Maple.      A. 

ntbnini,   L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    opposite  ;    edge  eobed,  with  the  lobes 
irregularly  sharp-toothed  and  notched. 

OtUline,  roundish,  with  three  to  five  lobes  (the  lowest 
pair,  if  present,  the  smallest)  ;  and  with  the  hollows 
between  the  lobes  pointed  and  usually  extending 
less  than  half-way  to  the  base  of  the  leaf.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  pointed.  Base,  heart-shaped  (or  sometimes 
rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  round. 

Leaf  {vjry  variable  in  size  and  in  the  toothing  and  shape 
of  its  lobes)  ;  usually  about  two  to  four  inches  wide, 
witli  short  lobes  ;  whitish  beneath. 


Leaves  Opposite, 


155 


Mg.  77.-Silver-Leaf  Maple.     (A.  saccharlnum,  L.) 

NATURAL.   SIZE. 


nil 


^56  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [Bin 

nark,  smoothish  ;    gray,  becominir  dark  and  rouHi  with 
age.  ^ 

/^-W...  rich  cri,nson,  on  short  stems  in  drooping  clusters. 
March,  April. 

Fruit  bright  red.  smooth,  with  stems  two  to  three  inches 
long.  The  wmgs  are  about  one  inch  long.  At  first 
they  approach  each  other,  but  afterward  are  some- 
what  spreading.     September. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  swamps  and  along  streams, 
especially  mi  all  wet  forests  eastward  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi  to  the  Atlantic,  and  .rom  Southern  Canada 
to  l^lorida  and  Texas. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  wood  of  con- 
siderable value,  especially  when  it  shows  a  "curly grain  " 
It  IS  one  of  the  very  earliest  trees  to  blossom  in  the 
spring,  and  to  show  its  autumn  coloring  in  the  fall. 


Besides  the  above  native  Maples,  modified  and  intro- 
duced  fornis  are  often  met  with  in  cultivation.     Amon<^ 
w>TT  '"^^^^^^^'^-''-^'P^^d  Maple,  the  Cut-leaved  Mapl 
(with  the  lobes  extending   nearly  from  the  base  of  the 
eaf)  ;    the  Norzoay  Maple  [A.   platanoides.   L.]  (with  a 
in      .T7^^^'"^^  /'^-^    of    the    Sugar    Maple,    but    dis- 
inguishec  from  them  by  the  milky  juice  of  its  leaf-stem, 
and  with  large  and  very  broadly  flaring  seed-wings>     the 
False    Sycamore    [A.     pseudo-platanus]    (with    its  '  leaf 
resembling  that  of  the  Norway  Maple  in  general  shape, 
but  having  its  lobes  much  more  closely  and  more  finei; 
toothed,  and  with  its  large  winged  seeds  short  stemmed 
and    arranged    in    long,    drooping    clusters);   and     less 
frequently,   the  Japanese  Maple.  ^ 


[Bin 

ugh  with 

'  clusters. 

2e  inches 

At  first 

re  some- 


streams, 
the  Mis- 
Canada 


of  con- 
^  grain." 
1  in  the 
I. 


d  intro- 
Among- 
'  Maple 

of  the 
(with  a 
Lit  dis- 
if-stem, 
s>  :  the 
:s    leaf 

shape, 
I  finely 
^mrned 
I,    less 


157 


^ig.  78.-Red  Maple.     (A.  rubrum,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


TREES  WITII   SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUKI) 


LEAX'ES    INDETERMINATE 


I 


GUIDE    FOR    THE   CONE-HEARING   TREES. 

lAOIC 

Leaves  clustercil,  ill  i;inii|)s  nf  lui)  to  live  (,1'lnL's)  ....  162-167 

('0  in  ^Toups  (if  two  ((.ray,  Scnili,  'I'alile  .Miiuiihim,  Reil    and  Yellow 

I'i'ies) 162-165 

.      166 
.      16S 


(/')  in  groups  of  three  (I'itcli  ami  sometimes  \ellow  Tnies)     . 

(()  ill  groups  of  live  (White  Tine) 

Leaves  flustered,  in  many-leaved  groups  (I.arcli)  ...... 

Leaves  not  clustereil,   flat,  and,   when   young,  arranged  all   around   the  twigs, 
becoming  two-ranked  (l''ir)  ......... 


175 

174 
172 


Leaves  not  clustered,  flat,  and  arranged  in  two  distinct  ranks  (Hemlock)     . 

Leaves  not  clustered,   needle-shaped,   four-sided,    and    arranged   all   around  the 

twigs  (Spruce) 168-172 

Leaves  not  clustered,  scale-like  (Arbor  Vit;e  anil  Cedars)     ....  178-180 


CONE-BEARING    TREES. 


]6S 
175 

174 
173 


Genus   PIN  US,  L.      (Pine.) 

i'rnin  ii  Cfliic'  u,,r.l  iiK'iiiiiiii;  n,fk  ,.r  inmintain. 

Fig.  79._Gray   Pine,   Northern  Scrub  Pine,    Prince's   Pine. 

P.  J>a/iksithhi,  Lam. 

Leaves,  simplk  ;  indktku.minati:  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arran-ed  alon^r  the  branches  in 
two-lcavcd,  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  one  inch  long,  pointed,  stiff, 
curved,  rounded  on  the  back,  grooved  above. 

Cones,  nearly  two  inches  long,  gray,  usually  In  pairs,  and 
curved  like  small  horns,  with  a  peculiar  habit  of 
always  pointing  in  the  same  direction  as  the  branches. 
Scales,  blunt,  smooth,  not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Found,  along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States 
and  far  northward.  Its  best  growth  is  north  of 
Lake  Superior. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  or  often  a  shrub,  five  to  thirty 
feet  high,  with  long,  spreading  branches,  and  li.rht,  soft 
wood  that  is  of  but  slight  value. 


161 


% 


IWI 

t 

P^^^H 

J 

IBi 

i 

^Bs  *' 

4 

1 

r 

i'i-      '; 


!  I 


162  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Fig.  80— Jersey  Pine,   Scrub  Pine.    P.   Virglmana,  Mill.    P. 

wops,  Alt. 

Leaves,  simple;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
/z£;^-/mfi?^  sheathed  bunches.  , 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  one  and  three  fourths  to  two  and 
three  fourths  inches  long,  stiff,  bluntish  ;  on  the  outer 
side  smooth  and  rounded ;  on  the  inner  side  flat,  and 
rough  downwards. 

Cones,  one  and  three  fourths  to  three  inches  long,  usually 
single  and  pointing  downward.  Scales,  tipped  with 
a  stiff,  straight  prickle. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  and  blackish.  Young  branches 
smooth  (in  other  pines  scaly).      Tiuigs,  purplish 

Fomid,  from  Long  Island  along  the  coast  to  South  Caro- 
lina, and  through  Eastern  and  Middle  Kentucky  to 
Southeastern  Indiana;  in  sandy  and  generally  barren 
soil. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifteen  to  forty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  shape  and  with  straggling,  spreading,  or  droopin^ 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  "pitchy,"  soft,  and  durabl^ 
but  poor  even  for  fuel. 


CT 
to 


"  Next  to  the  Gray  Pine,  the  Jersey  Pine  is  the  most 
uninteresting  species  of  the  United  States."— Michaux,  f. 

Fig.  81.— Table  Mountain  Pine,  Hickory  Pine.     P.  pungens, 

M'chx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
hvo-leavcd  sheathed  bunches. 


Fig.  79 


Fig.  80 


Fig.  81 


Fig.  82 


.63 


Fig.  79.-Gray  Pine.    (P.  Banksiana,  Lam.) 

Fig.  8o.-Scrub  Pine.    (P.  Virginiina,  Mill.) 

Fig.  8i.-Table  Mountain  Pine.    (P.  pungens,  Michx.) 

Fig.  82.-Red  Pine.    (P.  resindsa,  Ait.) 

NATUr^AL    SIZE. 


;  I  *! 


iJT 


164  Trees  luith  Siinple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  two  and  one  half  inches  long ; 
stiff;  outer  side  smooth  and  rounded;  inner  side 
hollowed. 

Cones,  about  three  and  one  half  inches  long,  of  a  light 
yellow  color,  stemless,  often  united  in  clusters  of 
fours.  Scales,  with  a  stout  spine,  widenino-  at  its 
base,  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Found,  within  narrower  limits  than  any  other  American 
Pine  ;  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Tennessee,  especially  upon  Table  Mountain 
in  North  Carolina,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the 
range. 

A  tree  ten  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  light  and  soft  wood, 
largely  used  for  charcoal. 


Fig.  82.— Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine.      P.  resh.hsa,  Ait.    P.  rubra, 

Michx,  f. 

Leaves,  simple;  indeterminatk  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
iwo-leaved  she^Lth^xX  hunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  five  to  eight  inches  long  ;  dark,  dull, 
green  ;  rounded  and  smooth  on  the  outside  ;  on  the 
inside  hollowed. 

Cones,  about  two  to  three  inches  long;  rounded  at  the 
base  ;  sometimes  crowded  in  large  clusters.  Scales, 
not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  comparatively  smooth  and  reddish,  of 
a  clearer  red  than  that  of  any  other  species  in  the 
United  States. 


[CI 


Leaves  Indetermi7tate,  165 

Found,  in  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  Newfoundland  and  the 
northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Winnipeg  River,  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Massachusetts,  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Penn 
sylvania.  Rare  in  the  Eastern  States,  except  in  the 
extreme  northern  parts  of  New  England. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more, 
with  hard  and  durable  wood,  useful  for  all  kinds  of  con- 
struction.    It  IS  low-branching  and  regular  in  shape 


In  a  note  given  in  confirmation  of  his  estimate  of  the 
height  of  the  red  pine.  Michaux  says  that  when  the 
French  in  Quebec  built  the  war-ship  St,  Lawrence,  fifty 
guns,  they  made  its  main-mast  of  this  pine. 

Fig.  83.-Yellow  Pine,  Short-leaved  Pine,  Spruce  Pine.    P 

ecpindta,  Mill.     P,  mifis,  MicJix. 

Leaves    simple  ;    indeterminate  in  position    because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-lcavcd  sheathed  bunches.      (On  vigorous  young 
shoots  the  leaves  are  sometimes  clustered  in  threes 
not  on  the  old  branches.) 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  two  and  a  half  to  five  inches  loner 
usually  four  to  five  inches  ;  dark  green  ;  slender- 
rounded  on  the  outer  side;  on  the  inner  side' 
hollowed.  ' 

Cone,  abou:  two  to  three  inches  long,  in  old  trees  scarcely 
more  than  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  the  smallest 
of  the  American  Pine  cones  ;  surface  roughened  by 
the  slightly  projecting  ends  of  the  scales  ;  not  grow- 
ing in  large  clusters.  Scales,  tipped  with  a  weak 
prickle  pointing  outward. 


p  f 


M 


1 66  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,         [C  i 

Found,  in  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey,  and  southward 


to    Western     Florida :     tl 


Krough    the    Gulf    States. 


ol 


^ansas, 


lissouri,     an( 


Arkansas,     and    pan 
Illinois. 

An  evergreen  trei-  forty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with 
straight  tricnk,  regular  branches,  and  pyramid-shaped 
head.  The  timber  is  hard  and  very  valuable,  second  in 
value  (among  the  Yellow  Pines)  only  to  the  "  Georgia 
Pine  "  (P.  palustris— "  Long-leaved  Pine,"  "  Southern 
Pine  "). 

Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.    P.  r)gida,  Mill. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    indeterminate   in   position   because  of 

their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 

three-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 
Leaf,   needle-shaped,   three  to  six  inches  long  ;  stiff  and 

sharp  ;  the  outer  side  flattish  ;  the  inner  side  slightly 

ridged,  and  rough  downwards. 
Bark,   very  thick  and  rough,  and  deeply  fissured  ;  dark, 

often  with  a  reddish  or  purplish  tinge. 
Cones,   two  to  three  inches  long,   oftenest  in  clusters  of 

two  to  four.     Scales,  tipped  with  stiff  and  sometimes 

curved  prickles. 

Found,  from  New  Brunswick  to  Lake  Ontario,  through 
the  Atlantic  States  to  Northern  Georgia,  and 
extending  to  the  west(;rn  slope  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  in  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  Usually 
m  dry,  sandy  soil,  sometimes  in  deep  swamps.  Very 
common. 

An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with 
very  irregular  branches,  and  a  trunk  that  is'  seldom 
straight  to  the  top.  The  wood  is  hard  and  full  of  pitch, 
of  slight  value  except  for  fuel  and  charcoal  and  coarse 
lumber. 


li!  " 


dark, 


Fig.  35 


1 6^ 


I^g.  83. -Yellow  Pine.     (P.  ecpinata,  Mill.) 
Fig.  84.-Pitch  Pine.    (P.  rlgida,  Mill.) 
PiS;^.-V/hite  Pine.    (P.  Strobus,  L.) 

NATURAL    SI?E. 


ill 


i68  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [C  i 

Fig.  85.-White  Pine,  Weymouth  Pine.    P.  strobus,  L. 
Leaves,  simple;    indeterminate   in  position   because  of 

their  closeness,  but  arranjred  along  the  branches  in 
five-leaved  bunches,  witli  their  sheaths  lacking  or  very 

short,  excepting  when  young. 

Leafi  needle-shape,  three  to  five  inches  long,  light  bluish- 
green,  three-sided,  soft,  and  very  slender. 

Cones,  four  to  six  inches  long,  cylinder-shape,  about  one 
inch  in  diameter  before  the  scales  loosen  ;  solitary, 
drooping,  slightly  curved.  Scales,  thin,  without 
prickles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  lighter  than  in  the  other  pines  ;  in  young 
trees  smooth,  and  only  sliglidy  rough  when  older. 

FoM7id,  from  Newfoundland  to  th(i  Winnipeg  River, 
southward  through  the  Northern  States,  and  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia.  Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

An  evergreen  tree  of  soft  and  delicate  foliage;,  eighty 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high  ;  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able timber  trees  of  any  country.  The  wood  is  clear  of 
knots,  straight-grained,  and  soft,  and  is  used  In  immense 
quantities  for  building  and  in  many  kinds  of  manufactur- 
ing. The  branches  are  given  off  in  Hat,  regular  whorls 
around  the  straight  trunk. 


il     : 

Jl  ^: 


Genus  PICEA,  Link.     (Spruce.) 

Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.    I\  Mariana  (Mill)  b.  s.  p.     p.  nigra. 

Link. 

Leaves,  sim-le  ;  indeterminati:  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  and  thickly  all 
around   the   branchlets. 


Leaves  Indeterminate, 


169 


Fig.  86 


Fig.  87 


Fig.  86.-Black  Spruce.    P.  Mariana  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  87.-White  Spruce.     P.  Canadensis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i   i- 
!    {       I 


i 


S  ! 


170  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 


Leaf,  needle-shape,  five  twelfths  to  two  thirds  of 


1 
dark 


an  inch 


ong,    four-sided,    mostly  straight,    stiff,   and    sharp 


green 


Coties,  three  fourths  to  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
drooping  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  broad  oval '; 
dark  picrplc  when  young,  becoming  reddish-brown 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  long  reverse  egg-shape,  thin, 
with  a  ivavy  or  toothed  edge  toward  their  apex. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Pennsylvania,  through 
the  Northern  States,  and  far  northward.  In  the 
North  it  often  forms  large,  dark  forests. 

An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with 
straight,  tapering  trunk.  The  wood  is  light  and  straight- 
grained  and  is  used  for  lumber,  for  the  masts  and  spars  of 
ships,  in  building,  etc.  From  its  twigs  is  prepared  the 
"  essence  of  spruce." 

Fig.  87.  —  White   Spruce.     F.  Canadhisis  (Mill),  B.  s.  P. 

P.  alba,  Link. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  all  around  the 
branchlets. 

Leaf  needle-shaped,  five  twelfths  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  four-sided,  curved,  sharp,  rather  slender, 
bluish-green,  much  lighter  than  the  leaf  of  the  Black 
Spruce. 

Bark,  lighter  than  that  of  the  Black  Spruce. 

Cones,  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  always  in  the  pro- 
portion of  about  two  inches   in  length  to  one  half 


[CI 


m 


Fifr.  88.— Norway  Spruce.     [P.  excelsa.] 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


172 


Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves, 

or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  tliickncss  •  d 


[CI 


,  ^.rooping 

at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  long  oval  or  cylinder- 
shape  ;  pale  green  when  young,  becoming  brownish 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  broad  reverse  egg-shape,  witii 
an  entire  edge,  and  rounded  or  somewhat  two-lobed 
at  the  apex. 

J^'^otmd,  in  Maine,  Northeastern  Vermont,  Northern  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  and  far  northward,  on  low  ground 
and  in  swamps.  It  is  most  common  north  of  the 
United  States  boundaries. 

An  evergreen  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.      One 
of  the  most  imj^ortant  of  the  Northern  timber  tr'^ees. 

Fig.  88.— Norway  Spruce.     [P.  c.xclisa:] 
This  spruce  is  not  a  native,  but  is  now  very  widely 
cultivated,  and  is  sometimes  found  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion.    It  is  a  finer  and  larger  tree  than  the  native  spruces, 
and  differs  from  them  especially  in  these  items  : 

Cones  five  inches  and  more  in  length  ;  about  one  and  a 
half  inches  in  thickness. 

Branches  and  branchlets,   heavily  drooping,  especially  in 
the  older  trees. 


J, 


II 


Yw 


Genus  TSUGA,  Cam      (Hemlock.) 

Fig.  89.-Hemlock.      T".   Canadensis  (L.,l  Carr.     Abies   Canadensis, 

Mic/ix. 

Leaves.  ^iuvi.Y.  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  in  tivo  flat  distinctly 
opposite  ranks  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

Leaf,  one  half  inch  long,  narrow;  blunt;  sometimes 
minutely  toothed  toward  the  apex;  flat;  green 
above;    silvery  white  beneath. 


1       ijj 


[CI 


Leaves  Indcf,    ninuite. 


173 


One 


Fig.  89.-Hemlock.     T.  Canadensis  (L.),  Carr. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


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174  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

Bark,  reddish  and  scaly  ;  when  old,  somewhat  roughened 
by  long,  shallow  furrows. 

Cones,  very  small  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  long)  ;  droop- 
ing; oval  or  egg-shape.      Scales,   few,  thin,  rounded, 
and  entire.     The  seed  with  the  wing  is  about  three 
fourths  the  length  of  the  scale.     The  cone  does  not 
fall  apart  when  ripe. 

Found,  from  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  Valley  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama.  Common  northward,  often  forming  large 
forests. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  outline,  very  graceful,  especially  when  young,  with 
light  and  delicate  foliage  and  horizontal  or  drooping 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  coarse;  the  bark  much 
used  for  tanning,  and  with  medicinal  qualities. 


Genus  ABIES,  Link.     (Fir.) 


Fife-.  90.— Balsam  Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir. 

Miller. 


A.  balsamea  ( L.), 


Leaves,  simple;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  up  and  down  the 
branchlets,  at  first  radiating  about  equally  on  every 
side,  afterward  flattened  into  two  ranks,  as  in  the 
Hemlock. 


Leaf,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  narrow ;  apex  blunt 
notched;    edge   entire;    flat,    with    a   grooved   li 
above  and  a  corresponding  raised  line  below  ;  bright 
green  above  ;  silvery  white  below. 


or 
ne 


Leaves  Indete7'minate.  175 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken  (especially  when  young),  and 
usually  covered  with  "  blisters. " 

Cones   t^^^o  to  four  inches  long,  one  inch  broad,  erect,  at 
the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;    violet-colored.      Sca/es 
thm  and  flat,  broad  and  rounded.     The  thin  bracts 
between  the  scales  are  tipped  with  a  slender  bristle. 
The  cone  falls  apart  when  ripe. 

Found,  from  the  far  North  through  the  Northern  States 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  the  high  peaks  of  West  Virginia.  Common 
northward  in  damp  forests. 

A  slender,  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high  • 
pyramid-shaped,  with  regular  horizontal  branches-  its' 
wood  IS  very  light  and  soft.  From  the  <'  blisters."  which 
form  under  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches,  the  valu- 
able Canada  balsam  is  obtained. 

The  tree  is  short-lived,  and  therefore  of  less  value  in 
cultivation. 


Genus  LARIX,  Tourn.     (Larch.) 

Fig.  91.— Larch,  Tamarack,  Hackmatack.  LJaricma(DuRot), 
Koch.     L.  Americana,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness;  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
many-leaved  bunches  without  sheaths. 

Leaf,  thread-like,  one  to  two  inches  long,  withering  and 
falling  in  the  autumn. 

Bark,  smooth. 


1/6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [ci 

Cones,  about  one  half  Inch  long;  broad  egg-shaped; 
green  or  violet  when  young,  becoming  purple  and 
brownish  as  they  ripen.  Scales,  thin,  nearly  round, 
their  edges  entire. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania,  Northern  Indiana,  and  North- 
ern Illinois  through  the  Northern  States  and  far 
northward.  It  grows  usually  in  low,  sv/ampy  land, 
where  it  often  thickly  covers  large  areas. 

A  tree  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  high  (not  evergreen), 
with  a  straight  trunk  and  slender,  horizontal  branches! 
The  wood  is  durable,  hard,  and  very  strong,  and  is  largely 
used  in  ship-building,  for  posts,  railroad  ties,  etc. 


The  Indians  and  Canadians  were  accustomed  to  use 
the  fibres  of  the  Larch  roots  for  sewing  their  bark  canoes ; 
and  for  tightening  the  seams,  the  gum  of  the  Balsam  Fir.' 

"  Give  me  of  your  roots,  O  Tamarak  ! 
Of  your  fibrous  roots,  O  Larch-Tree  ! 
My  canoe  to  bind  together, 
So  to  bind  the  ends  together. 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 

****** 

"  Give  me  of  your  balm,  O  Fir-Tree  ! 
Of  your  balsam  and  your  resin, 
So  to  close  the  seams  together 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 

"  And  the  Fir-Tree  tall  and  sombre, 
Sobbed  through  all  its  robes  of  darkness. 
Answered  wailing,  answered  weeping, 
'  Take  my  balm,  O  Hiawatha  ! '" 


[CI 


Fig.  90.-Balsam  Fir.     A.  balsamea  (L.),  Miller. 
Fig.  9i.-Larch.     L,  lariclna  (Du  Roi),  Koch. 

'77  NATURAL    SIZE. 


I    '    i' 


178  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [ci 


Genus  CHAMy^CYPARIS,  Spach.     (White  Cedar.) 

Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.  C.  thyoidcs  (£.),  B.  S. P.    C.  spharoidea,  Spach. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because,  of 
their  smailness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  "  spray  "  (formed  from  the  fiat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  very  delicate  and  of  a  dull  green. 

Cones,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round, 
variously  placed,  compact,  purplish  as  they  ripen  ; 
opening  when  ripe  toivard  the  centre  line  (J.  e.,  not 
toward  its  base).  Scales,  fleshy,  shield-shaped  and 
apparently  fastened  near  their  centres,  with  the  edge 
several-pointed,  and  with  a  sharp  point  or  knob  in  the 
centre.  Seeds,  usually  four  to  eight  under  each  scale, 
oval,  with  wide  wings  at  the  sides. 

Fou7id,  in  deep,  cold  swamps  (filling  them  densely  a  1 
exclusively),  from  Southern  Maine  along  the  coast 
to  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  Mississippi. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high, 
with  light  and  durable  wood,  largely  used  in  boat-building, 
for  wooden-ware,  shingles,  etc. 


[CI 


Leaves  Indetenninate, 


179 


"edar.) 
/(?a,  Spach. 

:ause.  of 
;ale-Hke, 
ler,  and 
the  very 
a  raised 
the  eye 


branch- 
II  green. 

',  round, 
ripen  ; 
r.  e.,  not 
t)ed  and 
lie  edge 
^b  in  the 
:h  scale, 

ely  a  1 
le  coast 
ssippi. 

et  high, 
uilding, 


^ 


Fig.  93 


Fig.  92.-White  Cedar.      C.  thyoides  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  93.-Arbor  Vitae.     (T.  occidenttUis,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i8o  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.         [Ci 

Genus  THLJYA,  L.     (Arbor  Vit^e.) 

From  a  tireek  \\onl  meaning  to  sacrifice,  because  of  the  use  of  the  fragrant  wood  in 

sacrifice. 

Fig-  93-— Arbor  Vitae,  White  Cedar.     T.  occidentalism  Z. 

Leaves,  simplf;  indetkkminate  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  "  spray  "  (formed  from  the  flat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  of  rather  a  hi'ight greeji. 

Cones,  about  five  twelfths  of  an  inch  in  length,  long  oval 
or  reverse  egg-shape,  nodding,  yellow  is  h-broivn  as  they 
ripen,  dry  and  opening  to  the  base  when  ripe.  Scales, 
pointless,  oval  or  egg-shape,  smooth  (i.  e.,  not  pointed 
on  the  edge  or  near  the  centre.)  Seeds,  one  to  two 
under  each  scale,  long  and  narrow  (like  a  small 
caraway  seed)  ;  broadly  winged  all  around,  with  the 
wing  notched  at  one  end. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Northern  Pennsylvania 
and  Central  New  York,  northward  into  Southern 
Canada  and  westward  ;  along  rocky  banks  of  streams 
and  in  swamps;  very  common  at  the  North,  where  it 
often  occupies  large  areas  of  swamp  land.  It  is  very 
widely  cultivated,  especially  in  hedges. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
with  close,  dense  branches,  and  a  light  and  durable  wood. 


[Ci 


Leaves  Indeterminate, 


i8i 


Genus  JUNIPERUS.  L.     (Red  Cedar.) 

From  a  Celtic  wonl  tneaning  rouj;!!. 

Fig.  94.— Red  Cedar,  Savin.     J.  Virfriniana,  L. 

Leaves,  simplk  ;  indi<:tkrminate  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  arranged  in 
four  rows  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

In  young  or  rapidly  growhig  sproiUs  the  leaves  are  awl- 
shaped  or  needle-shaped,  somewhat  spreading  from 
the  branch,  very  sharp  and  stiff,  placed  in  pairs  (or 
sometimes  in  threes),  usually  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  with  the  fine  branchlets,  which  they 
cover,  rounded. 

In  the  older  and  slower-growing  trees  the  leaves  are  scale- 
like and  overlapping,  egg-shape,  closely  pressed  to 
the  branchlets  which  they  cover,  and  with  the  branch- 
lets  square.  As  the  branchlets  grow,  the  lower  scales 
sometimes  lengthen  and  become  dry  and  chaffy  and 
slightly  spreading. 

Bark,  brown  and  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  often  shred- 
ding off  with  age  and  leaving  the  trunk  smooth  and 
polished. 

-'  Berries,''  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  closely  placed 
along  the  branchlets,  bluish,  and  covered  with  a 
whitish  powder. 

Bound,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  distributed  nearly 
throughout  the  United  States — more  widely  than 
any  other  of  the  cone-bearing  trees. 


1' 


i82  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [ci 

An  evergreen  tree,  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (much 
larger  at  the  South),  usually  pyramid-shaped,  with  a 
rounded  base,  but  varying  very  greatly,  especially  near 
the  coast,  where  it  is  often  twisted  and  flattened  into 
angular  and  weird  forms.  The  wood  is  very  valuable, 
light,  straight-grained,  durable,  fragrant.  It  is  largely 
used  for  posts,  for  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish,  and 
almost  exclusively  in  the  making  of  lead  pencils.  The 
heart-wood  is  usually  a  dull  red  (whence  the  name),  the 
sap-wood  white. 


Among  the  most  picturesque  objects  in  a  Turkish 
landscape,  standing  like  sentinels,  singly  or  in  groups, 
and  as  slender  and  upright  as  a  Lombardy  Poplar,  are 
the  black  cypress  trees  (C.  sempervirens).  They  mark 
the  sites  of  graves,  often  of  those  which  have  long  since 
disappeared.  In  America,  more  than  any  other  northern 
tree,  the  red  cedar  gives  the  same  sombre  effect,  whether 
growing  wild  or  planted  in  cemeteries. 

The  Common  yuniper  (J.  communis,  L.),  common  as 
a  shrub,  is  occasionally  found  in  tree  form,  low,  with 
spreading  or  drooping  branches,  and  with  leaves  re- 
sembling those  of  a  young  Red  Cedar,  awl-shaped  and 
spreading,  but  arranged  in  threes  instead  of  opposite. 


Leaves  Indetenninate. 


183 


W 


Fig.  94.— Red  Cedar.    (J.  Virginiina,  L.) 

a.   Young.      /;.   Old. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


Of 


11   HI,. 


i.    Ill 


Ihl  li). 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND   LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 


(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
D  I 


Genus  AILANTHUS,*   Desf. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  tree  of  heaven." 

Fig-  95-— Ail^nthus.     [4.  glandulhsa,  Des/.] 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered,  but  with  the  odd  leaflet 
often  dwarfed  or  broken  off ;  leaflets,  twenty-one  to 
forty-one)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  the  leaflets 
ENTIRE,  with  one  or  two  coarse,  blunt  teeth  at  each 
side  of  their  base. 

Outline,  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shape  or  lance-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.     Base,  squared,  or  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-st^m,  smooth,  round,  swollen  at  base.  Leajlet-stems, 
smooth  and  short. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  six  feet  long.  Leaflets  vari- 
able, usually  about  six  inches  by  two  and  a  quarter, 
rather  smooth  and  thin. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth  and  brown  ;  the  new  shoots 
marked  with  whitish  dots. 

Flowers,  in  long  Lunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches; 
greenish,  and  of  very  disagreeable  odor.  June, 
July. 

Seeds,  flat,  at  the  centre  of  greenish  and  sometimes  pink- 
tinged  wings,  in  large,  loose  clusters.      October. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  and  to  some  extent 
naturalized. 

*  This  spellinir  of  the  name  should  nde  because  so  given  by  its  author,  although, 
etymologically,  Ailantus  would  be  correct,  the  native  Amboyna  name  being  "  Ay- 
lanto." 

1 86 


d  leaflet 
^-one  to 

EAFLETS 

at  each 

ApeXy 
:d. 

et-stems, 

ts    vari- 
quarter, 

T  shoots 

anches  ; 
June, 

2S  pink- 
er. 

extent 


,  although, 
eing  "  Ay- 


t87 


Fig.  95.— Ailanthus.     [A.  g!andu!6sa,  Dcsf.] 

NATURAL.   SIZE. 


'Mill 
ill 


i88      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves,       [Di 

A  large,  showy  tree  (sixty  to  seventy  feet  high)  of 

remarkably  vigorous  and  rapid  growth.      It  is  a  native  of 

China.     A   Jesuit  missionary  sent   its  seeds  in  1751   to 

England.     In   1784  it  was  brought  from  Europe  to  the 

United    States,    and    started    near    Philadelphia.       Also 

about  1804  it  was  brought  to  Rhode  Island  from  South 

America.     But  the  source  of  most  of  the  trees  now  found 

abundantly  in  the  region  of  New  York  is  Flushing,  Long 

.Island,  where  it  was  introduced  in  1820.     It  has  been  a 

great  favorite,  and  would  deserve  to  be  so  still  were  it 

not  for  the  peculiar  and  disagreeable  odor  of  its  flowers. 

Genus  ROBINIA,  L.      (Locust.) 

Fig.  96.— Locust,  Yellow  Locust.    R.pseudac^da,  L. 

Leaves,     compound    (odd-feathered  ;    leaflets,    eleven    to 
twenty-five)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,    oval    or    egg-shape.      Apex,    rounded.       Base, 
rounded. 

Stem  of  leaf,  smooth,  and  covering  the  leaf-bud  of  the 
next  year. 

Leaflets,  very  smooth,  thin,  often  slightly  tipped  with  the 
end  of  the  mid-rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  rough,  and  very  deeply  ridged.  The 
smaller  branches  and  young  trunks  are  armed  with 
strong,  triangular  prickles,  but  these  disappear  when 
the  parts  are  three  to  four  inches  thick. 

Flowers,  showy  and  abundant;  in  long,  loose  clusters 
drooping  from  the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;  white  ; 
and  very  fragrant.      May,  June. 

Frtiit,  a  smooth  and  rather  blunt  pod,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide,  four-  to  six-seeded. 
Seeds,  dark  brown.     September. 


[Dl 


Leaves  Alternate, 


189 


Fig.  96.— Locust.     (R.  pseudac&da,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


I     I' 
I    IJ 


^90      Tre^s  with   Compound  Leaves.      [d  i 

Found.  Native  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Penn- 
sylvania (Monroe  County— Porter)  to  Geonria  •  but 
now  very  generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  usually  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  sometimes  ninety 
feet,  and  of  rapid  growth.     Its  wood  is  exceedincrly  hard 
and  strong,  and  remarkably  durable  when  in  contact  with 
the  ground.     It  is  used  largely  for  posts,  in  sLip-buildincr 
and  ni  turnery,  and  it  is  preferred  to  all  other  native  woo^d 
for  treenails.      It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  this 
or  of  any  country.      But  its  cultivation  as  a  timber  tree 
which  at  one  time  was  very  general,  has  nearly  ceased  in 
the   United  States  on  account  of  the  constant  damage 
done  by  the  grub  of  the  Painted  Clytus  (Clytus  pictus). 
1  his  troublesome  borer  not  only  injures  the  new  growth 
but  also  pierces  and  detaches  large  branches,  leaving  the 
tree  ragged  and  stunted. 

Clammy  Locust.    R.  viscbsa,  Vent. 

A 1,  '^u'"  '^f.'^'  ''  "''^'''^  ^°  '^'^'  '^'Sh  ranges  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains,  but  is  now  very  widely  cultivated 
and  sometimes  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

It  differs  from  the  common  locust  especially  in  its 
smaller  s^ac,  m  having  its  Icaf-slcm  and braucklcls  -  sticky '^ 
and  slightly  rough,  and  \^sflozoers  rose-tinted  and  scarcely 
Iragrant,  and  in  close  and  erect  bunches. 

Genus  GYMNOCLADUS.  Lam.     (Coffee  Tree.) 

Fig.  97.-Kentucky  Coffee  Tree,  Stump  Tree.    G.  J:>sicus  (L.), 

Koch.     G.  Canadensis,  Lam. 

Leaves,  unequally  twice-compound  (odd- feathered  ;  leaf- 
lets very  numerous— seven  to  thirteen  on  the  different 
branches  of  the  main  leaf-stem)  ;  alternate  ;  edge 

OF  LEAFLETS  ENTIRE. 


Ill 


U 


[DI 


Fig.  97.— Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.     G.  disicus  (L.),  Koch. 

191  NATURAL,    SIZE. 


11! 


iiiii 


192       Trees  with  Compound  Leaves,      [d  i 

Outline  o[  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  sharply  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf -stem,  in  the  autumn  takes  a  violet  tinge. 

Leaf,  one  and  one  half  to  three  feet  long,  about  one  half 
as  wide.  Leaflets,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches 
long,  of  a  dull  green. 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  scaly,  separating  in  small  and 
hard  crosswise  and  backward-curled  strips.  Branch- 
lets  stout  and  not  thorny. 

Flowers,  in  white  spikes  along  the  branches.       May-July. 
Fruit,  in  large  curved  pods  (six  to  ten  inches  long,  by 
two  inches  broad),  pulpy  within,  of  a  reddish-brown 
color,  flattened  and  hard.     Each  pod  contains  several 
hard,   gray  seeds  one   half  of  an   inch   or   more   in 
diameter.     September,  October. 
Found,  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  Wes- 
tern New  York,  westward  and  southward  to  Middle 
Tennessee.      Not  common. 
A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more,  with  a  rather 
small  and  regular  head.     The  fewness  and  the  abruptness 
of  its  large  branches  give  to  it  in  the  winter  a  dead  and 
stumpy  look,   whence  one   of   its   common   names.      Its 
bruised  and  sweetened  leaves  are  used  at  the  South  for 
poisoning  flies.      Its  seeds  were  formerly  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  coflee. 

Genus  GLEDITSCHIA,  L.      (Honey  Locust.) 

Fig.  98.  — Honey  Locust,  Three-thorned  Acacia,  Honey 
Shucks.      G.  triacanthos,  L. 

Leaves,  compound;  (even-feathered;  leaflets,  ten  to 
twenty-tvyo  or  more,  usually  about  fourteen),  some- 
times twice-compound  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaf- 
lets ENTIRE  as  seen  above,  but  as  seen  below  often 
remotely  and  slightly  toothed. 


193 


Fig.  98.-Honey  Locust.    (G.  triacanthos.  L. 


NATURAL    SIZE. 


194      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves,      [di 

Outline  of  leaflet,   long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.        Base 

and  narrowed  Apex,  rounded. 
Leaf-stem  and  very  short  Leaflet-stem,  downy. 

Leaflets,  three  fourths  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ; 
about  one  third  as  wide.  Often  several  of  them 
(one  to  three)  are  partly  or  wholly  divided  into 
smaller  leaflets.     Surfaces  smooth  and  shining. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray,  and  much  less  rough  than  that  of 
the  common  Locust  (which  has  a  somewhat  similar 
leaf)  ;  branchlets  brown  and  often  warty.  The 
branches  and  the  trunk,  excepting  in  very  young 
and  in  quite  old  trees,  are  usually  thickly  covered 
with  spines,  two  to  four  inches  long,  which  are 
curved  at  the  base,  often  two-  or  three-branched,  and 
of  a  reddish-brown  color. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish. 

Fruit,  a  long,  flat  pod  (nine  to  eighteen  inches  long), 
reddish  ;  somewhat  twisted,  and  filled  between  the 
seeds  with  a  pulp  which  at  first  is  sweet  (whence  the 
name  "  Honey "  Locust)  but  which  soon  becomes 
sour.     The  seeds  are  flat,  hard,  and  brown. 

Found,  native  in  Pennsylvania,  westward  and  southward, 
but  also  somewhat  naturalized  and  widely  introduced 
northward. 

A  tree  sometimes  seventy  feet  high,  with  wide-spread- 
ing and  graceful  branches,  and  light  and  delicate  foliage. 
It  is  often  used  as  a  hedge  plant. 


A  variety  entirely  bare  of  thorns  (var.  inlrmis)  is 
sometimes  found  ;  also  a  variety  (var.  brachycarpos) 
with  shorter  fruit  and  thorns. 

NoTK. — See  Poison  Sumach  (R.  venenata,  D.  C),  with  its  species,  under  D,  //., 
page  198. 


[DI 
Base 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

LEAVES    ALTERNATE 


CONIINUKI) 


(EDGK    TOOTHED) 
D     II 


frmW  u!!3  m 


Genus  RHUS,  L.      (Sumach.) 

Fig.  99.— Stag-horn  Sumach.    Ji.  t}/>/iina,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  eleven  to 
thirty-one)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  evenly 

AND    SHARPLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  long,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking.      Leaf-stc7n,  densely  velvety-hairy. 

Leaflet,  usually  two  to  four  inches  long  and  about  one 
fourth  as  wide  ;  the  under  surface  whitish  and  more 
or  less  downy. 

Leaf,  one  to  two  feet  or  more  in  length. 

Branchlets  and  stalks,  especially  towards  their  ends,  cov- 
ered with  a  veiy  dense  velvet-like  down,  often  crimson- 
tinged.     The  juice  is  milky  and  acid. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  upright,  pyramid-shaped 
bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.     June. 

Berries,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  bright  crimson, 
velvety,  crowded.  Stone,  smooth.  Juice,  acid.  Sep- 
tember, October. 

Found,  from  New  Brunsv/ick  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Central 
Alabama. 

196 


Leaves  Alternate, 


197 


;ven    to 

EVENLY 


r,  taper- 
ped. 

airy. 

3ut  one 
id  more 


ds,  cov- 
rimson- 

-shaped 

rimson, 
I.     Sep- 

the  St. 
south- 
Central 


Fig-  99.-Stag:-horn  Sumach.    (R.  t^phina,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


ig8      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves,      [du 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high  (or  often  a  shrub), 
with  straggling  and  evenly  spreading  branches  that  are 
leaved  mostly  toward  their  ends,  giving  an  umbrella-like 
look  to  the  tree.  The  wood  is  very  soft  and  brittle; 
yellow  within  ;  the  sap-wood  white.  The  young  shoots, 
with  the  pith  removed,  are  used  in  the  spring  as  "sap 
quills  "  in  drawing  the  sap  from  the  sugar  maples.  The 
downy  and  irregular  branchlets  are  suggestive  of  the 
horns  of  a  stag,  whence  the  name. 

An  infusion  of  the  berries  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
gargle  for  sore-throat. 

This  species  is  not  poisonous. 


A  variety  with  deeply  gashed  leaves  (var.  lacinihta) 
is  reported  from  Hanover,  N.  H. 


Fig.  100.— Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Dogwood,  Poison  Elder. 

R.  venenata,  £>.  C. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  thir- 
teen) ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE    OF    LEAFLETS    ENTIRE. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded 
or  pointed.     Apex,  taper-pointed. 

LeaHet-stevis,  short  and  purplish,  or  lacking.  Leaf-stem, 
smooth,  reddish  throughout  to  the  end  of  leaflet,  not 
winged. 

Leaflets,  thin  ;  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long ;  about 
one  half  as  wide  ;  smooth. 

Branches  and  stalks,  smooth. 

Flowers,  greenish  ;  in  long,  loose  bunches  at  the  bases  of 
the  upper  leaves. 

Berries,  rounded,  greenish-white,  smooth,  shining,  dry, 
about  the  si?.-   ^[  a  small  pea.     September. 


Fig.  loo.— Poison  Sumach.     (R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


(5  ll 
at  I' 


200       Trees  with   Compotmd  Leaves,     [d  ir 

Found,  from  Northern  New  England  westward  and  south- 
ward, oftenest  in  swamps. 

A  small  tree  (or  more  often  a  tall  shrub),  six  to 
eighteen  feet  high.  It  is  violently  poisonous  to  the 
touch,  causing  in  most  persons  a  painful  eruption  ;  some 
are  poisoned  by  it  without  touching  it ;  probably  by  rea- 
son of  the  drifting  pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended 
application  is  sugar  of  lead,  applied  after  the  use  of  saline 
cathartics  ;  or  a  thick  paste  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  rubbed 
into  the  skin  as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also 
claimed  that  relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure 
follow  the  use  of  belladonna,  of  apis  mellifica,  or  of 
arsenicum  album — taken  in  homoeopathic  doses. 


Apart  from  other  differences  the  Poison  Sumach  can 
be  easily  and  quickly  distinguished  from  all  the  other 
sumachs  by  these  signs  :  It  differs  from  the  Stag-horn 
Sumach  and  the  Smooth  Sumach  (a  shrub)  in  having  the 
edge  of  its  leaflets  entire  ;  from  the  Dwarf  Sumach  (a 
shrub)  in  the  absence  of  the  winged  stem  between  its 
leaflets,  and  by  its  red  leaf-stem. 

Genus  PYRUS,  L.     (Mountain  Ash.) 

(NoTK. — See  others  of  the  same  genus,  Sec.  A,  //.,  p.  32.) 

Fig.  lOl.— Mountain  Ash.     P.  Americana,  D.  C. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  nine  to  fifteen); 
ALTERNATE  (ofteu  alternate  in  threes)  ;  edge  of  leaf- 
lets FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  and  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leafiet-stein,  lacking,  or  very  short. 


Fig.  101, — Mountain  Ash.     (P.  Americana,  D.  C.) 

. RKDUCED    ONK    FOUBTH 


202       Trees  zvith   Co7npouncl  Leaves.     [D  ir 

Leaf,  eight  to  twelve  Inches  long.  Leaflet,  two  to  three 
and  one  half  inches  long  ;  surfaces  smooth. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  reddish-brown  and  rather  smooth. 

Flowers,  small  and  white,  in  large,  flat  clusters,  over  the 
surface  of  the  tree — fifty  to  one  hundred  or  more 
flowers  in  a  cluster.     May,  June. 

Fruit,  very  ornamental,  about  the  size  of  peas,  scarlet,  in 
large;,  flat  clusters,  ripening  in  autumn  and  remaining 
into  the  winter. 

Found,  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  through  the 
Northern  States  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  Its  finest  growth  is  on  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior. 

A  slender,  somewhat  pyramid-shaped,  tree,  ten  to 
thirty  feet  high,  much  and  justly  prized  as  one  of  the 
best  of  the  native  trees  for  ornamental  planting.  Its 
bark  and  the  unripe  fruit  are  very  astringent,  and  are 
sometimes  used  medicinally. 


A  slightly  different  species  (P.  sambucifolia)  is  some- 
times found  in  cold  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  streams, 
along  the  Northern  frontier. 


The  cultivated  European  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan 
Tree  [P.  ancuparia J,  which  is  very  common  in  many  parts 
of  Europe,  and  especially  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
differs  but  slightly  from  the  American  Mountain  Ash.  It 
varies  chiefly  in  the  following  items:  L^eaflets  blunter, 
and  rather  coarsely  double-toothed.  Bark  rather  rough. 
Fruit  larger,  oftenest  red,  but  sometimes  orange. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


20' 


The  Mountain  Ash  or  "  Rowan  Tree"  has  for  a  long 
time  been  renowned  as  a  safeguard  against  witches  and. 
all  evil  spirits.      A  mere  twig  of  it  suffices. 

"  Rowan-tree  and  red  thread 
Put  the  witches  to  their  speed." 

"  The  spells  were  vain,  the  hag  returned 
To  the  queen  in  sorrowful  mood, 
Crying  that  witches  have  no  power 
Where  there  is  row'n-trre  wood." 


Genus  JUGLANS,  L.     (Walnut.) 

From  two  Latin  words  meatiiiit;  mit  nf  jui>iti;r. 

Fig.  102. — Black  Walnut.     ;/.  nigra,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaOets,  thirteen  to 
twenty-one);  altkrnate  ;  kdc.k  of  leaflets  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leajlct,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  and  one-sided. 

Lcaf-stetti,  slightly  downy.     Lcajlct-stcm,  verj'  short. 

Leaf,  twelve  inches  long,  or  more.  Leaflets,  about  two  to 
four  inches  long  ;  the  lower  pairs  shortest  ;  slightly 
downy  beneath. 

Bark,  blackish  and  thick. 

Fruit,  about  two  inches  in  diameter ;  rounded  ;  th(i  husk 
greenish-yellow  when  ripe,  roughly  dotted,  spongy, 
decaying  without  splitting  into  sections  ;  the  nut 
dark,  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed.     October. 

Found,  from  Western  Massachusetts  westward  and  south- 
ward. Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.      Eastward  it  is  now  everywhere  scarce. 


iill 


204      Trees  with   Compomtd  Leaves,     [d  ii 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  or  often  much  higher. 
Its  rich,  daric-brovvn  heart-wood  is  of  great  value,  and  has 
been  more  widely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish, 
and  for  gun-stocks  than  the  wood  of  any  other  North 
American  tree. 


ii 

I 


Fig.  I03.-Butternut,  White  Walnut,     y.  dnirea,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  fifteen  to  seven- 
teen) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARI'-TOOTIIED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shaped  or  long  oval.     Apex, 
taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  and  ''sticky." 

Leaf  twelve  to  twenty  inches  long.     Leaflet,  three  inches 
or  more  in  length  ;  downy,  especially  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  light  gray  and  smoothish.  Twigs, 
as  well  as  leaf-stems  and  fruit,  very  sticky. 

i^^-^^A  long  (two  to  three  inches),  pointed.  Husk,  very 
sticky;  green  at  first;  brown  when  ripe,  becoming 
very  dark;  not  splitting  in  sections.  Nut,  deeply 
and  roughly  furrowed  and  sharp-ridged,  with  a  sweet, 
oily  kernel,     September. 

Found,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  common  in  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  and  Western  States. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  a  short,  stout 
trunk  and  very  wide-reaching,  horizontal  branches.  The 
heart-wood  is  reddish  or  light  brown,  not  as  dark  nor  as 
hard  as  in  the  Black  Walnut.  It  is  used  for  ornamental 
cabinet-work  and  interior  finish. 


Fig.  103 


205 


Fig.  102. -Black  Walnut.     (J.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  103.— Butternut.     (J.  cir.^rea,  L.) 

LEAFLETS    AND    MUJIT    I  a-:  1  )l  Ir ;  t. !  '    (  <  N  r.    -Til  i  D  D 


Pi 


2o6      Trees  with   Coinpoiutd  Leaves,      [dh 

Genus  HICORIA,  Raf.     cArYA,  Nutt.     (Hickory.) 

From  a  tlreek  word  meaning  round,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut. 

Fig.     104.  —  Shag-bark,     Shag-bark    Hickory,     Shell-bark 
Hickory.     //.  mhita  {Mill),   Britton.     C.  all>a,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  alter- 
nate ;    EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Otilline  of  leaflet,  long  oval,  reverse  egg-shape  or  egg- 
shape,  the  lower  pair  diflering  in  shape  from  the 
others,  and  much  smaller.  Apex,  long-pointed. 
Base  of  the  end  leaflet,  wedge-shape ;  of  the  others, 
more  or  less  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,   rough   throughout.       Buds,   large    and  scaly, 

often  of  a  green  and  brown  color. 
Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 

the  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 
I^eafiets,  four  to  eight  inches  long  ;  roughish  below. 
Bark,  dark  and  very  rough  in  the  older  trunks,  peeling 

up  and  down   in    long,   shaggy  strips.       Often   the 

strips  cling  at  their  middle  and  are  loose  at   each 

end. 

Fruit,  round,  nearly  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  diameter ;  the  husk,  thick  (nearly  half  an 
inch),  depressed  at  the  centre,  grooved  at  the 
seams,  and  wholly  separating  into  four  pieces  at 
maturity  ;  the  nut,  about  one  inch  long,  often  the 
same  in  breadth,  slightly  flattened  at  the  sides, 
angular,  nearly  pointless,  whitish,  with  a  rather  thin 
shell,  and  a  large  finely  flavored  kernel.     October. 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to 
Southeastern  Minnesota,  and  southward  to  Western 
Florida.  Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 


m 


ao7 


Fig.  104.— Shag-bark.     H.    ovata  (Mill),  Britton. 

LEAF    A.ND    FRUIT    REDl.'npn    ONE    THIRD. 


2o8       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,     [dii 

A  tree,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  of  great  vahie.  Its 
tough  and  ehistic  wood  is  used  in  making-  agricultural 
implements,  carriages,  axe-handles,  etc.  It  ranks  also 
among  the  best  of  woods  for  fuel.  Most  of  the  "  hickory 
nuts"  of  the  markets  are  from  this  species. 

All  the  Hickories  are  picturesque  trees.  Their 
tendency,  even  when  standing  alone,  is  to  grow  hi<di, 
and  with  heads  that,  instead  of  being  round,  are  cylinder- 
shaped  to  the  very  top,  with  only  enough  bn^aks  and 
irregularities  to  add  to  the  effect.  This  tendency  is  more 
marked  in  the  Hickories  than  in  any  other  of  the  leaf- 
shedding  trees  of  North  America.  They  are  worthy  of 
the  name  sometimes  given  them  of  '-  the  artist's  tree." 

Big  Shell-bark,  King  Nut.   //.  sulcata  (  Willd ),  Britton.   C.  sulcata, 

Nutt. 

This  species  differs  from  th(;  Shag-bark  chiefly  in 
these  items : 

Leaflets,  seven  to  nine,  usually  nine. 

Leaf,  ten  to  twenty  inches  long. 

Nut,  oval,   strongly  pointed,  with  a  dark  yellowish  shell, 

nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  Shag-bark  nut,  and  with 

a  less  pleasantly  flavored  kernel. 
Bark,  in  narrower  strips  ami  of  a  lighter  color. 
Found,    in    Bucks    County,    Pennsylvania    (Porter),    and 

westward.      Local  and   rare. 

Fig.  105.— Mocker-nut,  White-heart  Hickory,  Black  Hickory, 
Big-bud  Hickory.     Jf.  alba  (L.),  Britton.      C.  tomcnthsa,  N'utt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered,  leaflets,  seven  to  nine); 
ALTf:RNATi; ;    i:i)c;i';   smchitly   and   rather  roundly 

TOOTIIKD. 

Outlme  of  leallets,  mostly  long  oval,  the  lower  pairs  be- 
coming smaller  and  more  egg-shaped.  Apex  and 
Base,  about  the  same  as  in  the  Sha^-bark. 


[DII 

ue.      Its 

icultural 
iks  also 
liickory 


Their 

w  high, 
ylinder- 
aks  and 
is  more 
he  leaf- 
Drthy  of 
ee. 

7.  sulcata, 

iefly    in 


h  shell, 
nd  with 


r),    and 


lickory, 

Nutt. 

•  nine) ; 

)UNDLV 

lirs  be- 
<:x  and 


'''11 


Fig.  105.— Mocker-nut.     H.   alba  (L.),  Britton. 


LEAF     ami:)     FRUiT     HEDUCKIJ 


on'f:  third. 


Ill 


210      Trees  zuitk  Compound  Leaves.     Ld  ji 

Leaf-stem,  rough  throughout.  Buds,  large  and  round  and 
covered  with  downy,  yelloioish-brozvn  scales,  or,  in 
winter,  with  hard  and  grayish-white  scales. 

Leaflet-stems y  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  except  the 
short,  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leatlet. 

Leaflets,  two  to  seven  inches  long,  rough  beneath,  especially 
on  the  ribs  ;  fragrant  when  crushed. 

Bark,  rough,  becoming  cracked  across,  but      H  scaly. 

Fruit,  rounded,  slightly  egg-shaped  or  oval,  one  and  one 
half  to  two  inches  or  more  in  length.  The  Jiiisk  is 
about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick  and  splits  nearly 
to  the  base  when  ripe.  Nut,  slightly  six-angled,  light 
brown,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  shell.  The  kernel 
is  sweet,  but  small.      October. 

Foimd,  common,  in  dry  woods,  especially  southward  and 
westward.  It  grows  in  Southern  Canada  and  in  all 
the  Atlantic  States.  In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its 
timber  the  tree  resembles  the  Shae-bark. 

Fig.  io6.— Small-fruited  Hickory.    //.  microcarpa  (Nutt),  Britton 

C.  inicrocarpa,  Ntitt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  seven, 
oftenest  five)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outlifie  of  leaflets,   mostly  long   oval.     Apex  and  Base 

pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  smooth. 
Leaflet-stems,   lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 

the  short  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 
Leaflets,   mostly   four  to   eight    inches   long,    remarkably 

smooth,  excepting  that  the  under  surface  is  tufted  in 

the  angles  of  the  ribs  and  usually  dotted  with  dark 

glandular  spots. 
Bark,  rough  and  close. 
Fruit,  broad  egg-shape.     Husk,  thin,  splitting  part  way  to 

the  base.     Nut,  small,  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  in 


a!  si 


9tl 


Fig.  io6.-Small.fruited  Hickory.     H.  microcarpa  (Nutt),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    HEDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


I 


212      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,     [dii 

diameter),  not  angled,  not  sharp-pointed,  and  with  a 

thin  shell. 
Found,  on  moist  ground.  New  York  to  Delaware,  west  to 

Michigan  and  Illinois,  rarely,  if  ever,  in  New  England. 
In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles  the  other   hickories.      By  its  leaves  the  species 
appears  to  be  allied  with  the  Pig-nut;  by  its  nuts,  with 
the  Mocker-nut. 


Fig.  107,  a  and  ^.—Pig-nut,  Broom  Hickory.    H.  glabra  (Mill), 
Britton.     C.  glabra,  Torr.     C.  porcina,  Ntitt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine, 
usually  seven)  ;  altkkxatk  ;  kdcf,  ok  lkaflkts  sharp- 
toot  i  11:1 ). 

Outline  of  leatlets,  usually  long  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base  of  end  leaflet,  wedge-shaped,  of  the  others  more 
or  less  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

j^af-stevi,  smooth.  Leaf-htids,  egg-shape  and  pointed  or 
rounded,  and  with  their  outer  scales  a  polished-brown. 

Leafiet-stcvis,  lacking,  except  the  smooth,  very  short  stem 
of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  mostly  two  to  five  inches  long  (the  lower  ones 
much  the  smallest),  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark,  not  shaggy. 

Frtcit,  of  two  forms :  a,  pear-shape,  b,  rounded.  Htisks, 
very  thin,  splitting  about  half-way  to  the  base.  Nut, 
about  one  inch  in  diameter  ;  in  b  somewhat  flattened 
at  the  sides  and  slightly  hollowed  above,  and  with 
the  a[)ex  a  sharp  point.  Shell,  rather  thin,  smooth, 
hard,  and  bluish-gray.  Meat,  small  and  sweetish  or 
slightly  bitter. 

Found,   from  Southern   Maine  westward  and  southward. 

In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles the  otht.T  hickories. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


213 


Fig.  107,  a  and  /^— Pig-nut.     H.  glabra  (Mill),    Britton. 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


I 


214      Trees  zvith   Coinpound  Leaves,     [d  ii 

Fig.  io8.-Bitter-nut,   Swamp  Hickory.    //.  mhiima  (Marsh), 

Britton.     C.  amara,  iVutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odcl-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to 
eleven)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflet  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.     Base,  pointed  or  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,  rather  slender,  somewhat  downy,  and  often 
flattened  and  winged  Leaf-buds,  small,  slightly 
rounded  or  (at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets)  pointed, 
and  yellow. 

Leaflet-steins,  lacking,  except  the  short  stem  of  the  end 
leaflet. 

Leaflets,  four  to  six  inches  long,  the  upper  one  usually 
short ;  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  with  a  slight,  scat- 
tered down  below. 

Bark,  rather  smooth. 

Fruit,  rounded  or  slightly  egg-shaped,  dark  grren.  Husk, 
very  thin  and  fleshy,  never  becoming  entirely  hard, 
with  prominent  luinged  edges  at  the  seams,  only  two 
of  which  reach  more  than  half-way  to  the  base.  It 
divides  half-way  down  when  ripe.  Nut,  barely  one 
inch  long,  heart-shaped  at  the  top,  broader  than  long, 
white  and  smooth.  Shell,  so  thin  that  it  can  be 
broken  with  the  fingers.     Kernel,  intensely  bitter. 

F.und,  usually  in  wet  grounds,  though  ofteu  also  on  rich 
uplands,  from  Southern  Maine  westward  and  south- 
ward. It  reaches  its  finest  growth  in  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio. 

A  rather  smaller  and  less  valuable  tree  than  the  rest 
of  the  hickories. 

NOTK.— See  Honey  Locust  (i\.  triacanthos,  L.).  under  1),  /.,  page  ly2. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


215 


!'i  III 


Fig.  108.— Bitter-nut.     H.  minima  (Marsh),    Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE  THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 


(FBATHKR-SHAPED) 


CON-IINUKI) 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE   ENTIRIC  OR  TOOTHED) 
E   I,  II 


■' 


Genus   N  EG  UN  DO,   Moench. 
Fig.  109.— Ash-leaved  Maple,  Box  Elder.    xV.  aceroules,  M. 

Leaves,  compoUxXD  (odd-feathered  ;    leaflets,  three,  some- 
times five,  rarely  seven)  ;  oprosiTE  ;  edge  of  leaflet 

REMOTELY  AND  UNEQUALLY  COARSE-TOOTHED. 

Oittline  of  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.     Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  variable  and  often  uneven. 

Leaflets,  slightly  rough  ;  the  ribs  very  marked. 

Bark  of  young  trunks,  smoothish  and  yellowish-green  ; 
twigs,  light  green. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish,  in  delicate,  drooping  clusters 
from  the  sides  of  the  branches. 

Fruit,  large,  yellowish-green,  smooth,  in  long,  loose,  late- 
hanging  clusters. 

Found,  North,  South,  and  West.  One  of  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  the  North  American  trees,  with  its 
finest  growth  in  the  region  of  the  Wabash  and 
Cumberland  rivers. 

A   tree   twenty   to    thirty    feet    high,   with    spreading 
branches.     Its  wood  is  light  and  of  slight  value. 


21S 


z 


eaves  Opposite. 


2I( 


Fig.  109.-Ash-Ieaved  Maple.    (N.  acer-iides,  M.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


IrIrI 

J       a  I 

ilk  i 


220      Trees  zvith   Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  n 

(Genus  FRAxINUS,  L.     (Ash.) 

From  a  (;reek  word  lueaniiif;  "  separation,"  l)ecause  of  the  ease  with  which  the  wood 

of  tlie  Ash  can  l)e  split. 

Fig.  no.— White  Ash.     /'.  Americana,  L. 
Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;     EDOE    OF    LEAFLETS    SLIGHTLY  TOOTHED    OR 

ENTIRE  ;  entire  at  the  base. 

Outline  of  leaflet,   long  oval  or  lor.j.  shapes      Apex, 

taper-pointed.     Basi\  somewhat  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Lcaflcf-stcm,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  or  more;  smooth.  Leaf-bud,  rusty- 
colored  and  smooth. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long  ;  pale  beneath  ;  downy 
when  young,  but  becoming  nearly  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs.  > 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray.  In  very  young  trees  it 
is  nearly  smooth,  but  it  soon  becomes  deeply 
furrowed — the  furrows  crossing  each  other,  and 
so  breaking  the  bark  into  irregular,  somewhat 
square  or  lozenge-shaped  plates.  Then  in  very 
old  trees  it  becomes  smooth  again,  from  the  scaling 
ofir  of  the  plates.  The  branches  are  smooth  and 
grayish-green.  The  young  shoots  have  a  polished, 
deep-green  bark,  marked  with  wdiite  lines  or  dots. 

Winged  seeds,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  with  the 
"  wing  "  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  wide,  hanging  in 
loose  clusters  from  slender  stems.  The  base  of  the 
seed  is  pointed  and  not  winged. 
Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  Southern  Canada  to  Northern 
Florida  and  westward.  It  is  most  common  in  the 
Northern  States.  The  finest  specimens  are  seen  in 
the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  oasin. 


ich  the  wood 


Fig.  no.— White  Ash.     (".  Americana,  L.) 

LEAF    AND    KHUIT    UEDIJCEO    ONK    THirfO. 


i  ill! 


222      Trees  with   Co}npo2md  Leaves,   [ei,  n 

A  tree  forty  to  ei<rhty  feet  high.  Often  th(;  trunk 
rises  forty  feet  without  branchino-.  hs  tough  and  elastic 
timber  is  of  very  great  value,  being  widely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  for  oars,  and  the 
shafts  of  carriages,  and  in  cabinet-work. 


^  I  find  in  the  notes  of  an  old  copy  of  White's  "  Natural 
History  of  Selborne"  this  comment  :  "  The  Ash,  I  think. 
has  been  termed  by  Gilpin  the  Venus  of  British  trees." 

Gerardes'  "Herbal"  comments:  "  The  leaves  of  "the 
Ash  are  of  so  great  a  vertue  against  serpents,  as  that 
the  serpents  dare  not  be  so  bolde  as  to  touch  the  morning 
and  evening  shadowes  of  the  tree,  but  shunneth  them 
afarre  off,  as  Pliny  reporteth  in  his  16  book,  13  chap. 
He  also  affirmeth  that  the  serpent  being  penned  in  with 
boughes  laide  rounde  about,  will  soonc  r  run  into  the  fire, 
if  any  be  there,  than  come  neere  to  the  boudies  of  the 
Ash." 

In  Scandinavian  mythology  the  great  and  sacred  tree, 
Yggdrasil,  the  greatest  and  most  sacred  of  all  trees,  which 
binds  together  heaven  and  earth  and  hell,  is  an  Ash.  Its 
roots  spread  over  the  whole  earth.  Its  branches  reach 
above  the  heavens.  Underneath  lies  a  serpent ;  above  is 
an  eagle  ;  a  squirrel  runs  up  and  down  the  trunk,  trying 
to  breed  strife  between  them. 

Fig.  iii._Red  Ash.     /'".  pubhcais,  Lam. 
Leaves,  compouni^  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

EDGE   OF  LEAFLETS   NEARLY  ENTIRE   OR   SLKUITLV 
TOOTHED. 

Ouaine^  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.      Apex,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  somewhat  pointed. 


I  gi 


.    [E  Ml 

he  trunk 
iicl  elastic 
:d  in  tlic 
,  and  the 


'  Natural 
,  I  think, 
trees." 
js  of  the 
,  as  that 
mornini>" 
:th  them 
13  chap. 
1  in  with 
the  fire, 
:s  of  the 

red  tree, 
;s,  which 
ish.  Its 
2S  reach 
above  is 
:,  trying 


3  nine)  ; 

.I(;HTLV 

;,  taper- 


ig.  III.— Red  Ash.     (F.  pubfescens,  L 


223  LEAF     AND     FRU 


!T     REDUCED 


am.) 


ONE    THIRD. 


i 

■f! 

'    V:         "\- 

! 

i 

1 

^— i-.^' ' — XL 

I 

•— — < 

i 

i 
1 

j 
i 

224      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  n 

Leaf-stem,  vclvety-dowfiy.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth 
of  an  inch  long,  or  somewhat  less,  and  velvety-downy. 
Leaf-biid,  rounded,  nearly  concealed  by  the  leaf-stem, 
downy,  and  of  a  dark,  rusty  brown. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long,  downy  beneath,  and  pale, 
becoming  reddish. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  da7^k  ashy  or  granite-gray,  or  of  a 
deep  brown.  It  is  slightly  furrowed  up  and  down, 
the  furrows  seldom  joining  or  crossing.  The  branches 
are  grayish.  The  young  shoots  are  velvety,  with  a 
grayish  or  rusty  down. 

Winged  seeds,  resembling  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
usually  with  the  end  of  the  wing  more  rounded. 

Found,  along  borders  of  streams  and  in  low  and  swampy 
ground — New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  and  south- 
ward to  Northern  Florida  and  Alabama  ;  but  rare 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

A  medium-sized  tree,  usually  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
of  less  value  than  the  White  Ash. 

Fig.  112.— Green  Ash.    F.  viridis,  Mic/ix.,/. 
Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  USUALLY  SHARP-TOOTHED, 

but  with  the  base  entire. 

Otitline  of  leaflet,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  pointed,  often  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long  ;  smooth.  Leaf-bud,  grayish-brown  and 
smooth. 


.    [E  I,  II 

»e  fourth 
ty-downy. 
eaf-stem, 

ind  pale, 

or  of  a 
id  down, 
branches 
v,  with  a 

'\sh,  but 
led. 

swampy 
d  south- 
but  rare 
t  growth 

:et  high. 


Leaves  opposite. 


225 


)  nine)  ; 

OOTHED, 

pointed. 

h  of  an 
wn    and 


Fig;.  112.— Green  Ash.     (F.  viridis,  Michx.,  f.) 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


I  '' 


226      Trees  ivitk   Compoimd  Leaves,  [e  i,  n 

Lcajht,  green,  and  of  nearly  the  same  shade  on  each 
side  ;  not  shinin<r,  but  smooth  throughout,  excepting 
that  sometimes  it  is  slightly  downy  in  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  grayish-brown  and  smooth. 
Winged  seeds,  smaller  than  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
with  the  wing  about  the  same  leuL^th. 

Found,  in  New  England,  but  mostly  southward  and 
westward. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  of  inferior  value. 

Fig.  113.— Blue  Ash.     F.  qucu/ran^ruldta,  Michx. 
Leaves,  coMrouND  (odd-feathered  ;    leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;    EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARPLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  oval  to  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaflet-stem,  very  short.     Leaf-bnd,  velvety. 

Leaflet,  three  to  four  inches  long,  both  sides  green  ; 
downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  cracks  and  separates  in  thin  plates, 
like  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Branchlets  smooth  and 
square,  or  margined  when  young,  becoming  nearly 
round. 

Winged  seeds,  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  one 
fourth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  wide  ;  blunt,  and  of 
nearly  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  and  with  the 
apex  often  notched. 

Fonnd,  usually  on  limestone  hills,  from  Southern  Michi- 
gan to  Central  Minnesota,  southward  to  Northeastern 
Kansas. 

A  tree  sixty   to   eighty  feet  high,  used  for  flooring, 
carriage  building,  etc.      Its  inner  bark  furnishes  a  blue  dye. 


327 


Fig.  Il3--Blue  Ash.     (F.  quadrangulata,  Michx. 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


i~i- 


Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  n 

Fig.  114.— Black  Ash,  Water  Ash,  Hoop  Ash.    F.  samlmcifhlia. 

Lam, 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  eleven, 
usually  nine)  ;  opposite  ;  edge  of  leaflet  toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape. 
Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth,  somewhat  flattened  or  channelled,  and 
with  sharp  edges  above  the  leaflets. 

Leajiet-stem,  tacking: 

Leaf-bud,  deep  blue  or  blackish. 

Leaflet,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  and  green  on 
both  sides,  excepting  where  it  is  slightly  hairy  along 
the  lower  part  of  the  middle  rib.  When  crushed  it 
has  an  Elder-like  odor. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  granite-gray,  somewhat  furrowed  and 
broken  up  and  down  with  roughnesses,  which  con- 
tinue in  the  old  tree.  The  young  branches  are 
smooth  and  grayish  and  marked  with  black  and 
white  dots  and  warts. 

Winged  seeds  nearly  one  and  one  half  inches  long,  with 
the  wing  three  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  and  extending 
around  the  seed.      Ripe  in  July. 

Found,  along  low  river-banks  and  in  swamps,  which  it 
sometimes  fills  ;  in  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, Northwestern  Arkansas,  through  the  Northern 
States  to  Canada.  It  is  the  most  Northern  of  the 
American  Ashes. 

Usually  a  small  or  medium-sized  tree.  The  wood  is 
largely  used  for  barrel-hoops,  baskets,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  interior  finish. 


Leaves   Opposite, 


229 


Fig.  ii4.-Black  Ash.    (F.  sambucifdlia,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    F-nrjIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRL.. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(HAND-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   OPPOSITE 

(EDGJ<:  TOOTHED) 


F  I 


Genus  ^SCULUS,  L.    (Buckeye,  Horse  Chestnut.) 

Fig.  115.— Sweet  Buckeye,  Big  Buckeye,    ^.flava.  Ait 

Leaves,  compound  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  usually  five, 
sometimes  seven)  ;  opposite  ;  edge  toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long-  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  long 
reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaflet,  four  to  nine  inches  long,  one  to  three  inches  wid«-, 
usually  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Flowers,  pale  yellow.      April,  May. 

Fruit,  two  to  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter,  rounded. 
Husk,  not  prickly,  but  uneven.  Nut,  one  or  two  in 
a  husk,  large  and  brown. 

Found,  from  Alleghany  County,  Pennsylvania,  southward 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  and  westward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  light 
and  hard  to  split.  With  the  other  species  of  the  same 
^^enus  it  is  preferred,  above  any  other  /^  erican  wood,  for 
:he  making  of  artificial  limbs. 

232 


^33 


Fig.  lis.— Sweet  Buckeye.    (JE.  flava,  Ait.) 

REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


234      T^-ees  zvith   Compoujtd  Leaves,  [e  i,  h 

Fig.  ii6.-Ohio   Buckeye,   Fetid  Buckeye.    .E.  glabra,  Willd. 

^E.  Ohiohisis,  Michaux. 
Leaves,  compo       >  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  opposite  ; 

EDGE    TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  oval  or  long  oval.     Apex,  taper-polnted. 

Base,  pointed. 
Leaflets,  three  to  seven  inches  long  ;  one  and  a  half  to 

three  inches  wide. 
Bark,  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 
Flowers,  small,  yellowish-white.     June. 
Frtiit,  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     Husk, 

prickly  when  young.     Niit,  smooth. 

Found,    along    the    western    slopes    of    the    Alleghany 

Mountains— Pennsylvania  to  Northern  Alabama  and 
westward. 

A  small,  ill-scented  tree  (eighteen  to  thirty-five  feet 
high),  with  wood  in  quality  and  use  much  like  that  of  the 
Sweet  Buckeye. 

Horse  Chestnut.     [^.  Hippocastmium,  L.\ 
A   very  common   introduced  and   cultivated    species, 
native  in  Northern  India. 
Leaflets,  five  to  seven  (usually  seven),  with  ribs  straight, 

and  brown-woolly  when  young. 
Flowers,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  large  ;  in  large,  up- 
right, pyramid-shaped  clusters  ;  cream-white,  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purple.      May,  June. 
Fruit,  large.      Husk,  with  stiff  prickles.     Ntit,  mahogany- 
colored,  with  a  large,  round,  whitish  scar ;  bitter,  and 
said  to  be  somewhat  poisonous. 
A  compact,  rounded  tree,  of  medium  size;  very  orna- 
mental when  in  flower.      Its  bark  has  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cinchona  bark  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent 
fevers. 


a^i 


Fig.  ii6.— Ohio  Buckeye.     {/E.  glabra,  Willd.) 

REDUCED    ONE    THfRD. 


Hi 

i' 


I  tarried  there  that  day  ;  I  worshipped  there,— 
For  in  that  forest  God  seemed  everywhere. 
And  when  the  shining  day  was  wholly  done 
And  twilight's  peaceful  hours  were  well  begun, 
I  homeward  bore  the  forest's  loving  words 
That  filled  my  heart  like  melodies  of  birds 
And  seemed  God's  benediction  from  above,— 
Those  woodland  gladsome  messages  of  love. 

— From  The  Trees, 


EXPLANATION    OF   TERMS 


EXPLANATION    OF  TERMS. 


Trees  as  distinjruished  from  shrubs,  are  those  species 
M^hich   as  the  rule,  spring  from  the  ground  with  a  single 
branchmg  trunk.  ^    ' 

A  Leaf  is  : 
Oak  ?  ^^"^//^S  when  it  is  of  one  piece.      (Fig.  a,  Willow 


I'll',,  (t. 
(2)   Compound,  when  there  are   two  or  more  entirely 
separate  pieces    (called    lea/ie^s)    on    the    one    leaf-stem'. 
(Figs,   d   and  c,    Dwarf    Sumach   and    Horse   Chestnut ) 
bee  note  2. 

Compound  leaves  are  : 

(i)  Fcathcr-shapcd,  when  the  leaflets  are  placed 
along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem.      (Fig.  b.) 

^  (When  the  compound  leaf  ends  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
it  is  evcn-feaihercd ;  when  it  ends  with  one  leaflet  it  is 
odd-feat  her  cd. ) 

(2)  Hand-shaped,  when  all  the  leaflets  radiate  from 
the  end  of  the  leaf-stem,  like  fingers  from  the  palm  of 
the  hand.     (Fig.  c.) 

\„Ti.;  i.-Compo„n.l  leaves  may  he  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compoun.l 

1     ,^2  ''r"'^  ^'''"^'"  °^  ^  compoun.l  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple 
leaf  by  the  absence  of  Ieaf-bu,ls  from  the  base  .f  ihHr  stems.  ' 


Explanation  of  Tcnns. 


239 


Fig.  //. 


Fir..  < . 


III. 


tions 


The  Edge  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(i)  Entire,  when  it  is  an  even  line,  without  indenta- 


(2)    Toothed,  when  it  is  set  with  an  indefinite  number 
of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth.      (Ficr.  d>, 


Fic.  d. 


(3)  Lobed,  when  the  indentations  are  deep  and  of  a 
definite  number.      (Figs,  e,  f,  and  ^4';  Oaks  and  Poplar.) 


IV 


The  Shape  of  the  Whole  Leaf.— The  leaf  is  : 
(i)  Needle-  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is  ver\'  narrow  (some- 
times no  more  than  a  line),  and  of  about  the  same  width 
throughout      (Fig.  //,  Pine.) 


240  Explanation  of  Terms, 


Ki<;.  ,-. 


I'i(5.  /.  Fig.  g. 

(2)  Lancc-shaped,  when  it  is  much  longer  than  wide, 
and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point.      (Fig.  i.  Willow.) 


Fig.  h. 


Fic.  /. 


(3)  Inversely  lance-shaped,  when  gradually  tapering 
down  instead  of  up. 

(4)  Egg-shaped,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an  ^gg,  with 
the  broadest  part  below  the  middle,  but  without  regard  to 
the  base  and  apex.     (Fig./,  Dogwood.) 

(5)  Inversely  egg-shaped,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an 
egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the  middle. 


(Fi 


Explanation  of  Terms, 


241 


an 


Fi.-..  /. 


(6)   Oval^  when  shaped    much  like  a.i  egg,  but  with 
the  broadest  part  at  the  middle.     (Fig.  /-,  Beech.) 


Fu;.  k. 


(7)  Rounded,  when  round  or  nearly  so. 


the  l«tr"~"  ^'^  '"'  '^  ^"'^'  '^  "  ^"^^P^"  '^  ^''""'^  ^^  «"-e  -t  the  space  Letweea 

V. 
The  Apex  of  the  leaf  is  : 
(i)  Pointed.     (Fig.  /.) 

(2)  Taper-pointed,  when   the  leaf  gradually  tapers  to 
a  pomt.     (Fig.  ;;/.)  -^      ^ 

(3)  Bristle-pointed,  when  it  terminates  with  a  bristle 
(Fig.  n.) 


Fio.  /. 


Fig. 


Fi 


o.  n. 


(4)  ^O^///^-^/.^/^^,  when  the  tapering  end'curves  like 
a  scythe.      (Fig.  0.) 

(5)  Blunt,  or  rounded,  when  the  end  is  evenly  curved. 


242  Explunation  of  Terms, 

(6)  Hollowed,  when  the  end  is  more  or  less  hollowed 
or  notched.     (Fig.  q.) 


Fig. 


l'"ii:./. 


Fir,,  q. 


VI. 


The  Base  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(i)   Squared,  when  it  is  cut  nearly  or  quite  straight 
p.cross.      (Fig.  r.) 

(2)  Rounded.     (Fig.  s.) 

(3)  Pointed.     (Fig.  /.) 

(4)  Wedge-shaped,    when    it    tapers    to    a    point    by 
straight  lines.      (Fig.  n.) 

(5)  Heart-shaped,  when  the  edge  is  turned  in  at  the 
base,  forming  a  notch  or  bend.     (Fig.  v.) 


Fig.  /.  Fig.  //. 

VII. 


Fk;.  r 


Arrangement  of  Leaves  on  the  Branch. — Leaves 


are  : 


(i)  Alternate,  when  they  follow  one  another  upon 
different  sides  of  the  branch.      (Elm,  Walnut.) 

(2)  Opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs,  and  upon  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  branch.     (Maple,  Ash.) 

(3)  Indeter?iti7tate,  when  they  are  closely  crowded, 
either  in  bunches  (Pine,  Larch),  or  singly  up  and  down 
the  branches.      (Spruce,  Arbor  Vitai.) 


GLOSSARY. 


Alternate-leaved 

Bristle-pointed 

Compound  leaf 

Egg-shaped    . 

Entire-edged  . 

Even-feathered 

Feather-shaped 

Hand-shaped 

Heart-shaped 

HoUoH-cd 

Indeterminate-leaved 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped 

Lance-shaped 

Leaflet   .... 


I'ACir. 
-41 

240 

239 

238 
238 
238 
242 
242 

o  •  o 

— -r" 

2  'O 

240 

238 


Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf) 

Lc'ocd     . 

Needle-shaped 

Oild-feathcred 

Opposite-leaved 

Oval 

Rounded 

Scythe-shaped 

Simple  leaf     . 

Squared  base  . 

Tajier-pointed 

Toothed-edge 

Tree  (distinguished  from  shrub) 

Twice  compound 

\\'edge-shaped 


PAGE 
238 
239 
239 
238 
242 
241 
241 
241 
238 
24a 
241 

239 
233 
238 
242 


INDEX    OF    TREES. 


^^      The  names  of  genera  are  given  in  small  capitals,  of  species  and  varieties  in 
roman   type,     and  synonyms   in   italics.      The   names  of  introduced  species  are 
enclosed  by  brackets. 


\Ahele'\    .... 
Abies  balsamea 

Canadhisis    . 
Acacia,  Three-thorned     . 
Acer  dasychrpivn  . 

Pennsylvc^nicum     . 
[platanoides] 
[pseudo-phitanus]  . 
rubrum 

saccharlnum,  L,     , 
saccharhium,  IVamr. 
saccharum 

var.  nigrum 
yEscuLus  flava 

glabra     . 
[Ilippocastanum] 
O/iiohisis         . 
[Ailanthus]      , 
[AilAnthus  glandulosa] 
AmelAnchier  Canadensis 

var.  oblongifolia 
Apple,  Crab     . 
Arbor  Vitie     . 
Ash,  Black     . 

Blue       . 

[European  Mountain] 

Green     . 

Hoop 

Mountain 

Red       . 

Water    . 

White    . 
Ash-leaved  Maple 


PAGE 

94 

174 

!72 
192 

148 
156 
156 
154 

152 

232 

234 

234 

234 

186 

186 

40 

42 

32 

180 

228 

226 

202 

224 

228 

200 

222 

228 

220 

218 


AsImina  triloba 

Aspen 

Aspen,  Large-toothed 

B 

Balm  of  Gilead 
Balsam  Fir    . 
Poplar 
Poplar,  Heart-leaved 
Basswood 

White 
Bay,  Sweet     . 
Bean,  Indian 
Beech     . 
Bcecli,  Blue    . 
Beech,  Water 
Bee  Tree 
BferuLA  lenta 
liitea 
nigra 
papyrlfera 
[pendula] 
populifilia 
rubra 
Bilsted   . 
Birch,  Blaci  . 
Canoe  . 
Clierrv 
Gray     . 
Oldfield 
Paper  . 
Red      . 


10 
84 
86 


92 

174 
92 
92 

22 

24 

6 

140 

70 
66 
66 
22 
62 
60 
59 

SC' 

55 

59 
13U 

62 
56 
62 

55 
55 
56 
59 


245 


246 


Index  of  Trees. 


Birch,  River  , 

Sweet  . 

[Weeping]    . 

White  . 

Il'/i//r  (I'aper  Birch) 

\'ello\v 
Bittei-ntit 
Black  //aw  . 
Black  Jack  . 
Black  Oak  . 
Black  Spruce  . 
Black  yVioni  . 
Black  IVahiiil 
Box  Elder 

BROfssoNfeTiA  papyrifera 
Buckeye,  /iig 

/■'ctul 

Ohio 

Sweet 
Burr  Oak 
Butternut 
Buttoiiball  Tree 
Buttonwood    . 


CARpiNTs  Caroliniana    . 
CArya.     See  IIic6ria. 
CastA.nea  sativa,  var.  Americana 
Catalpa  •         .         .         .         . 
Caialpa  bignonoides 

speciosa  . 
Cataroba  .         . 

Cedar,  Red     .         .         .         _ 

White 

While  (Arbor  Vita)      . 
Celtis  occidentalis 

var.  crassifilia 
Cercis  Canadensis 
Cham.f.cyparis  spha^roidea    . 

thyoides 
Cherry,  Bird . 

Pin    •         .         .         . 

Rum  .... 

Wild  black 

Wild  red  ... 
Chestnut  •  .  .  . 
Chestnut  Oak . 


PACE 

59 
62 
56 
55 
5f' 
60 
214 
144 
114 
I20 
168 
36 
203 
218 
52 
232 
234 
234 
232 
106 
204 

53 

53 


66 


68 
140 
140 
140 
140 
i8i 
178 
180 
48 
48 
12 
178 
178 
28 
28 
27 
27 
28 
68 
no  i 


mollis 
jiyracan 


ChionAnthus  Virglnica 
Clammy  Locust 
Cockspur  Thorn 
Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky 
Cornel     . 

Alternate-lea-'cd 
CoRNUs  alternifolia 
florida 
I   Cottonwood    . 
1  River  . 

;  Sroamp 

\    Crab-apple 

j  Narrow-leave( 

j   Crat^gus  coccinea 

var, 
crus-galli 

var, 
thifolia 
jninctata 
toinentosa 
Cucumber  Tree 
CupREssus.      .See  Cham^cyparis 
Custard  Apple 

D 

Diosp^'Ros  Virginiana    . 
Dogwood,  Alternate-leaved 

Flowering 

Poison    . 


Elder,  Box     . 
/'oison 

Elkwood 

Elm,  Corky  white 
[English] 
Red 

Slip])ery 
White    . 


Facis  ferruginea    . 
Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead 

Halsani     . 
IkAxim  s  Americana 
pubescens 


PACE 
133 

I  go 

33 
I  go 

134 
136 

131 

Q) 

8S 
8S 
32 
32 
34 
36 
38 

40 

38 

30 

6 

10 


16 

136 

134 
igS 


218 
ig6 
8 
46 
47 
47 
47 
44 


70 
174 
174 
220 
222 


Index  of  Trees. 


247 


PAr;E 
Irjo 

icjo 

154 
1.3^ 


131 
9' 
8S 
8S 
32 
32 
34 
3f' 
38 

40 

38 

3tJ 

6 

10 


FrXxinits  quadrangulita 
sambucifilia  . 
viridis    . 

Fringe  Tree    . 


GLEDixscHiA  triacanthos 


Gum,  Black    . 

Sour 

Sweet    . 
Gymn6cladus  Camulhisis 
dlsicus 

H 


Hackberry 

Hackinalack    . 

Haw,  Black    . 
A'al       . 

Hemlock 

Hickory,  Big-lnul  . 

Big  shell-bark 
liitter-nut 
Blue/.'  . 
Broom 
I'ig-nut  . 
Shag-bark 
Shell-bark 
Small-fruited 

S'a'omp      . 

White-heart 

Hic6ria  alba 
glabra 
niicrocarpa 
mhiiiiia    . 
ovata 
sulcata 

Holly,  American     , 

Honey  Locust 

Honey  Shucks 

Hop-IIor)ibcam 

Hornbeam 

Hornbeam,  Hop     . 

[Horse-chestnut]     . 


PACE 

I 

226 

PAGE 

.    228 

Ilex  montlcola       ....       26 

.     224 

opaca 

, 

.       24 

.     .  138 

Indian  Bean  . 

. 

.      140 

/ronwood  (llop-Hornhesim) 

. 

.       64 

Ironwooil  ( Hornbeam)     . 

. 

.       66 

.     192 

J 

var.     bra- 

chycarpos     194 

Jersey  Pine 162 

var.       in- 

Judas  Tree    . 

12 

ermis 

•        194 

JuGLANs  cinerea     . 

.     204 

• 

12 

nigra 

.     203 

• 

12 

Juneberry 

.       40 

.       130 

Juniper,  Common  . 

.     182 

f 

.       190 

JUNii'ERLS  commfmis 

.     182 

.       190 

Virginiana 

.     181 

K 

.       48 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree    .         .         ,     igo 

175 

King-nut 208 

144 

L 

34 

172 

Larch     . 

.     175 

208 

Larix  Americana  . 

175 

208 

lariclna 

175 

214 

Laurel,  Swamp 

6 

208 

l.evertvood 

64 

212 

Lime  Tree 

22 

212 

Linden,  American  . 

22 

206 

[European] 

24 

206 

LiquidAmiikk  styraclflua 

130 

210 

LiRioijfeNDRo.v  tuliplfera 

98 

214 

Locust,  Clammy 

190 

208 

Honey 

192 

208 

\'ell()w 

188 

212 

[Lombardy  Poplar^ 

94 

210 

M 

214 

206 

Magnolia  acuminata     ...        6 

208 

glauca  . 

6 

24 

tripctala 

8 

192 

Magnolia,  Mountain 

6 

192 

Small     . 

6 

64 

Maple,  Ash-leaved  . 

218 

66 

Maple,  Bird's-eye  . 

152 

64 

lilack 

152 

234  1 

Curly 

152 

248 


Index  of  Trees. 


Maple,  [Cut-leaved] 

CiOPSl'-foot      . 

Hard . 

[Japanese]  . 

[Norway]    . 

Red    . 

Jiock   . 

Silver 

[.Silver-strii)ecl] 

.V,.//(Red)  . 

Soft  (Silver) 

Striped 

Sugar 

Swamp 

[Sycamore,  False] 

While 
Mocker-nut     . 
■Moosewooci 
MoRus  [albaj 
rubra 
Mountain  Ash 
[Mulbcny,  Paper} 
Mulberry,  Red 

[White] 


N 


Nanny  Berry 
Negundo  aceroides 
\Norway  Spruce]    . 
Nyssa  sylvitica 


O 


Oak,  Barren  . 
Bart  ram's 
Black     . 
Black  Jack 
Burr 
Chestnut 
Gray 
Iron 
Jack      . 
Laurel  , 
Mossy-cup 
Over-cup  white 
Peach-leaved 
Pin 
Post 


.  156 
.  I4S 

Oak,  Quercitron 
Red 

HACK 
.        120 
.        122 

.     no 

.    150 

Rock  chestnut 

.    156 
.   156 

Rough-leaved  lohite          .         .10. 
Scarlet  .         .         .         .         _"     ^3 

■    154 

Shingle 

.     128 

.    150 

Sjjanish 

.    116 

.    152 

S^oaiiip  chestnut 

no 

.   156 

Srvaiitp  Spanish 

.     121 

•    154 

Swamp  white 

.     108 

•    152 

.   148 

Water    . 
White    . 

.     124 

.    150 

Willow 

.       126 

•    154 

Yello-o-bark    . 

.      120 

.    156 

Yellow  (Black) 

.      120 

152 

Yellow  chestnut 

1 1" 

208 

JV//<5r<' ("ellow  chestnut)          .      no 

148 

Osier,  Golden 

80 

50 

OSTKVA  Virginiana 

.       6d 

50 

OxYufe.NDKUM  arboreum           .         .       ja 

.?(» 

52 

P 

50 

50 

Pajiaw    . 

10 

[Paper  Mulberry]    . 

52 

Pepperidge 

12 

146 

Persimmon 
PlCEA  aiha       . 

.       16 

218 

.     170 

172 

Canadensis     , 
[excelsa] 

.     170 

12 

.     172 

Mariana 

.     168 

nigra      . 

.     168 

Pig-nut  . 

.     212 

114 

Pine,  Gray 

.     161 

128 

Hickory 

.     162 

120 

Jersey    . 

.     162 

114 

Northern  scrub 

161 

106 

Norway 

.     1O4 

no 

Pitch   '. 

.     166 

122 

Prince's 

.     i6r 

104 

Red       . 

.         .     164 
.     162 

"4 

Scrub     . 

128 

Short-leaved  . 

•         .     165 
•     165 

106  ! 

Spruce  . 

106  1 

Table  Mountain     . 

.     162 

126  j 

JVevmouth 

.     168 

124 

White    . 

.     168 

104 

Vellow  . 

T^.C 

Index  of  Trees. 


249 


PiNus  Banksiina    . 
ecpinata 
inops    . 
mi  lis    . 
pungens 
resin  6sa 
rigida  . 
rubra  . 
Strobus 
Virginiana    . 
Plane  Tree 

PlAtanus  occidentslHs 
Plum,  Cawuia 
Horse  . 
Wild    . 
Poison  Sumach 
Poplar    . 
Poplar,  Balsam 

Downy-leaved 
Heart-kavfd  balsa 
[Lombardy] 
Necklace 
River 

[Silver-leaf] 
White  (Aspen) 
[  White  (Silver-l 
Yellow 
POPULUS  [alba] 

angttlata  . 
balsamlfera 

var 
[dilitita]  . 
grandidentata 
heteroph^Ua 
monillfera 
tremuloides 
Prunus  Americana 

Pennsylvanica 
serotina 
Pyrus  Americana  . 
[ancuparia] 
angustifolia 
coronaria 
sambucifcMia 


0] 


cind 


leans 


Q 


QuERcus  alba 


161 

165 

162 

165 

162 

164 

166 

164 

168 

162 

53 

53 

30 

30 

30 
198 
90 
92 
88 
92 

94 
90 
90 

94 

84 

94 
98 

94 
90 
92 
92 

94 
86 

88 
90 
04 
30 
28 

27 

200 

202 

32 

32 

202 


102 


PAGE 

QUERcus  bkolor     . 

108 

casthnea   . 

.        112 

cocci  nea  . 

.        118 

var.  amblgua        .      122 

"        var.  tinctor 

a        .     1 20 

cuneata    . 

.     n6 

/alc^ta     . 

.     116 

heterophil  la  (hybrif 

)        .     128 

imbricaria 

.     128 

macrocarpa 

.     106 

minor 

.     104 

var.  oliv^xiformis       .      108 

Muhlenbergii  . 

.     112 

nigra 

.     114 

obtusildba 

.     104 

paliistris 

.     124 

Phellos     . 

.     126 

Prinus 

.     no 

"      var.  discolor 

.     108 

var.  inontlcolor       .      no 

rubra 

.     122 

Rudklni  (hybrid) 

.     128 

tinctoria  , 

.     120 

R 

Red  Bud 

12 

Red  Cedar       . 

.       181 

Red  Ilaiv 

34 

Red  Oak 

.     122 

Rhus  tj'phina 

.     196 

"       var.  laciniata 

.     198 

venenata 

.     198 

RoBiNiA  pseudacacia 

.     188 

viscosa 

.     190 

[Rowan  Tree] 

.     202 

S 

Salix  [alba]  . 

•       78 

[var.  cairulea] 

.       80 

[var.  vittelllna] 

.       80 

Amygdaloides 

■       74 

[Babylonica] 

.       S'J 

[fragilis]        .         . 

•       83 

lucida  . 

■       76 

nigra    . 

•       72 

var.  falcata  . 

•       74 

rostrata 

•       78 

250 


Index  of  Tires, 


Sissafras 
Sa;;sai-kas  ofificinile 

Scarlet  Oak  . 

Servia-  'J'ree  . 
Shad-bush 
S/tag./iarJi: 

Sheep  Berry  . 

ShelUark  . 

Shingle  Oak    . 

Silver-Lea/  Poplar 

Sorrel  Tree     . 

Sour  Chun 

Sour  ir-'oil     . 

Spnni..,,  Oak  . 

Spruce,  niack 

[Norway]  . 
White 

Slag-liush 

Stag-horn  Sumach  . 
Stump  Tree    . 
Sugar  Berry  . 
Sumach,  Poison 

Stay-horn 
Swamp  JVhite  Oak 
Sweet  Bay 
Srceet  Gum 
Sycamore 


l^acamahae 
Tamarack 
Thorn,  Black 

Cockspur    . 

Common     . 

Doiteil-fruitcd 

Pear  . 

Scarlet-fruited 

White 
'J'hrec-lhorned  Acacia 
TiiCiVA  occitlentalJH 
Tii.iA  Americana    . 
[Europ.\'a]    . 
heterophylla 
pubcscens 


I'AGH 
l8 
l8 

i8i 
liB 
40 
40 
206 
146 
206 
208 
128 

94 

42 

12 

42 

116 

iC? 

172 

170 

144 
196 
I  go 

48 
igS 
196 
108 
6 
130 

53 


92 

36 

38 

38 

38 

3(i 

34 

34 

192 

180 

22 

24 

24 

24 


TsucA  Canadensis  , 
Tulip  Tree  . 
Tupelo    , 


PAC3 

172 
98 
12 


U 


Ulmus  Americana 


W      »J«»»^     ^      i     V,m;£    J^_jJ,,J^         ^                                        ^                                       ^ 

44 

[campcstris] 

47 

fulva  .... 

•       47 

racemosa     .         , 

.       46 

rubra 

•       47 
8 

Umbrella  Tree 

V 

VibCJrnum  lentigo 

.     146 

prunifilium   . 

•     144 

Viburnum,  Sweet    . 

.     146 

W 

Wahoo 

•       24 
.     203 

Walnut,  Black 

n-hite 

.     204 

IVhistle  7i'ood .... 

.     148 
.     178 

White  Cedar  .... 

White  Cedar  (Arbor  Vitfr) 

.     180 

IFhite  Oak      .... 

102 

irhite  Piue     .         .         .         . 

.     168 

White  Spruce 

.     170 

JVhite  Thorn           .         [         [ 

•       34 

22 

White  Wood  (Hasswood) 

It'hite  jrood{Ti\V\p  Tree) 

98 

Willow,  Black 

72 

Blue.         .         ,         [ 

80 

[Crack]      . 

83 

Glossy  broad-leaved    . 

76 

I.ong-beaked     . 

78 

Ochre-Jlo7vered  . 

78 

Scythe-leaved     . 

74 

Shininf      .         .          .         . 

76 

[Weeping] 

82 

[^Vhite]     .          .         .         . 

78 

[Yellow]    .         ,         .         ." 

80 

inilo'w  Oak    ....." 

126 

\ 

3  'ello-n'  Pine 

165 

)'ello7u  Poplar          .... 

98 

172 


44 
47 
47 
46 

47 
8 


146 

144 
14& 


24 

203 
204 
148 
178 
180 
102 
168 
170 

34 
22 
98 
72 
So 
83 
76 
78 
78 

74 
76 
82 
78 
80 
126 


165 
98 


